1850-1914 Isms

Question 1

Realism in art

Answer 1

Jean-françois millet: the gleaners-backbreaking work
Gustave Courbet- stone breakers same as above
Photography also developed

Question 2

Auguste Comte

Answer 2

Developed postivism

Progress relies on empirical science!

Question 3

Marxist pillars

Answer 3

1. Alienation of labor- specialization means workers feel separated from product and people
2. Labor theory of value- profit=theft from workers!
3. Dialectical materialism- apply Hegel to economic systems
4. Class struggle
5. Revolution- necessary!! But not anarchy, it has to be organized

Question 4

The Crimean war

1853-56

Answer 4

Russia tried to invade ottoman provinces
GB and France declare war
Austria turns its back on former ally Russia and takes the provinces for themselves
First modern conflict, used trenches, telegraphs, and railways

Question 5

Florence nightingale (1820-1910)

Answer 5

Helped found nursing profession

Demonstrated that women could be in public roles

Question 6

Treaty of Paris (1856)

Answer 6

End of Crimean war

Russia agreed to demilitarize the Black Sea and stop expansion into the Balkans

Question 7

Effects of Crimean war

Answer 7

Destroyed concert of Europe, states pursue national interest
Winners? France, gb, Piedmont-Sardinia
Austria isolates itself
Russia reforms!

Question 8

2 republican and nationalist ITALIAN advocates?

Answer 8

Giuseppe Mazzini (young Italy) 
Giuseppe garibaldi (red shirts) 
Romantic nationalists

Question 9

Victor Emmanuel II

Answer 9

Appointed king after his father charles Albert abdicates after failing to unite Italy
Appoints Cavour as prime minister
Cavour supported liberal ideals, understood practical affairs, and modernized the Piedmontese state
He was realpolitik!

Question 10

Treaty of plombières and unification of n Italy

Answer 10

Cavour convinced Napoleon III of France to attack Austria

Napoleon III ends up getting nice and savoy, Cavour gets all the northern Italian states in 1860

Question 11

Unification of s Italy

Answer 11

Cavour told garibaldi to go spread uprising in s Italy
But then at Rome told him to stop and hand over the state
Unification is complete! 1861
Victor Emmanuel is king
“Passion of Mazzini, audacity of garibaldi, and cunning of Cavour”

Question 12

Pope pius ix

Answer 12

Began as a reformer but turned conservative after 1848

Opposed Italian unification in syllabus of errors and espoused papal infallibility

Question 13

William I and crisis?

Answer 13

William I improved army
But now the liberal party is growing (including army and Junkers) and clashing with king
To solve crisis? Call in Bismarck!

Question 14

How did Bismarck solve crisis?

Answer 14

Appealed to prussian patriotism- iron and blood not liberal ideals
After that? Just kept collecting taxes anyway!

Question 15

How does Bismarck unify Germany?

Answer 15

3 wars!

1. Attack Poland-> allies with Russia
2. Attack Denmark with Austria-> gain Schleswig and Holstein
3. Austro-Prussian war-> Prussian railroads, organization, and needle guns win! After? They treat Austria leniently but make it get out of German affairs

Question 16

North German confederation

Answer 16

Germany is united! Except for catholic states

Reichstag is elected by universal male suffrage

Question 17

Indemnity bill of 1866

Answer 17

Reichstag retrospectively approved the taxes Bismarck did

Question 18

Franco Prussian war

Answer 18

Spanish throne is offered to bismarcks cousin, France gets mad
EMS dispatch- b makes it look like they insulted france
Napoleon takes the bait and declares war, Prussia easily wins and captured Napoleon!

Question 19

Treaty of Frankfurt

Answer 19

After Franco Prussian war
France pay 5 billion francs and lose Alsace-Lorraine
German empire is proclaimed, William i is kaiser!!

Question 20

France’s reforms

Answer 20

Napoleon declared himself emperor
Founded credit mobiliér bank, built railways, promoted industry
Rebuilt city of Paris! (Baron Von Haussmann) constructed sanitary system, built boulevards, opera houses, theaters, malls

Question 21

Paris commune

Answer 21

Declared after Napoleon was captured in the Franco Prussian war
Socialist program
Eventually the third republic crushed it

Question 22

Russia’s reform

Answer 22

Alexander II- 2 little 2 late
Abolished serfdom, introduced legal equality, abolished capital punishment, reformed army
But? Didn’t heal rift between traditional people (slavophiles) and modernists (westernizers)
Eventually anarchists form the people’s will and assassinate Alexander

Question 23

Austria-Hungarian dual monarchy

Answer 23

Franz Joseph I focused on internal development, but ended up alienating Slavic minorities
Dual monarchy allowed freedom for the Magyars but kept common ministries of finance and war
Neither empire is democratic, Magyars suppress Slavs
Hella ethnic problems lead to wwi!

Question 24

Realism in literature

Answer 24

Characters struggle with economic and social change 
Charles dickens reveals dark side of irev
Gustave Flaubert- Madame bovary is bored with middle class life, affairs, and suicide