1850-1914 Isms Flashcards
Realism in art
Jean-françois millet: the gleaners-backbreaking work
Gustave Courbet- stone breakers same as above
Photography also developed
Auguste Comte
Developed postivism
Progress relies on empirical science!
Marxist pillars
- Alienation of labor- specialization means workers feel separated from product and people
- Labor theory of value- profit=theft from workers!
- Dialectical materialism- apply Hegel to economic systems
- Class struggle
- Revolution- necessary!! But not anarchy, it has to be organized
The Crimean war
1853-56
Russia tried to invade ottoman provinces
GB and France declare war
Austria turns its back on former ally Russia and takes the provinces for themselves
First modern conflict, used trenches, telegraphs, and railways
Florence nightingale (1820-1910)
Helped found nursing profession
Demonstrated that women could be in public roles
Treaty of Paris (1856)
End of Crimean war
Russia agreed to demilitarize the Black Sea and stop expansion into the Balkans
Effects of Crimean war
Destroyed concert of Europe, states pursue national interest
Winners? France, gb, Piedmont-Sardinia
Austria isolates itself
Russia reforms!
2 republican and nationalist ITALIAN advocates?
Giuseppe Mazzini (young Italy) Giuseppe garibaldi (red shirts) Romantic nationalists
Victor Emmanuel II
Appointed king after his father charles Albert abdicates after failing to unite Italy
Appoints Cavour as prime minister
Cavour supported liberal ideals, understood practical affairs, and modernized the Piedmontese state
He was realpolitik!
Treaty of plombières and unification of n Italy
Cavour convinced Napoleon III of France to attack Austria
Napoleon III ends up getting nice and savoy, Cavour gets all the northern Italian states in 1860
Unification of s Italy
Cavour told garibaldi to go spread uprising in s Italy
But then at Rome told him to stop and hand over the state
Unification is complete! 1861
Victor Emmanuel is king
“Passion of Mazzini, audacity of garibaldi, and cunning of Cavour”
Pope pius ix
Began as a reformer but turned conservative after 1848
Opposed Italian unification in syllabus of errors and espoused papal infallibility
William I and crisis?
William I improved army
But now the liberal party is growing (including army and Junkers) and clashing with king
To solve crisis? Call in Bismarck!
How did Bismarck solve crisis?
Appealed to prussian patriotism- iron and blood not liberal ideals
After that? Just kept collecting taxes anyway!
How does Bismarck unify Germany?
3 wars!
- Attack Poland-> allies with Russia
- Attack Denmark with Austria-> gain Schleswig and Holstein
- Austro-Prussian war-> Prussian railroads, organization, and needle guns win! After? They treat Austria leniently but make it get out of German affairs
North German confederation
Germany is united! Except for catholic states
Reichstag is elected by universal male suffrage
Indemnity bill of 1866
Reichstag retrospectively approved the taxes Bismarck did
Franco Prussian war
Spanish throne is offered to bismarcks cousin, France gets mad
EMS dispatch- b makes it look like they insulted france
Napoleon takes the bait and declares war, Prussia easily wins and captured Napoleon!
Treaty of Frankfurt
After Franco Prussian war
France pay 5 billion francs and lose Alsace-Lorraine
German empire is proclaimed, William i is kaiser!!
France’s reforms
Napoleon declared himself emperor
Founded credit mobiliér bank, built railways, promoted industry
Rebuilt city of Paris! (Baron Von Haussmann) constructed sanitary system, built boulevards, opera houses, theaters, malls
Paris commune
Declared after Napoleon was captured in the Franco Prussian war
Socialist program
Eventually the third republic crushed it
Russia’s reform
Alexander II- 2 little 2 late
Abolished serfdom, introduced legal equality, abolished capital punishment, reformed army
But? Didn’t heal rift between traditional people (slavophiles) and modernists (westernizers)
Eventually anarchists form the people’s will and assassinate Alexander
Austria-Hungarian dual monarchy
Franz Joseph I focused on internal development, but ended up alienating Slavic minorities
Dual monarchy allowed freedom for the Magyars but kept common ministries of finance and war
Neither empire is democratic, Magyars suppress Slavs
Hella ethnic problems lead to wwi!
Realism in literature
Characters struggle with economic and social change Charles dickens reveals dark side of irev Gustave Flaubert- Madame bovary is bored with middle class life, affairs, and suicide
