Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AUBF > Routine Chemical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Routine Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Routine Chemical Examination of Urine includes what observation of 3 components?

A
  1. pH
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plastic strip that contains one or more chemical-impregnated absorbent pads

AKA dipstick

A

Reagent Strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Familiarize the Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

A
  1. Mix the specimen
  2. Insert reagent strip
  3. Remove excess urine
  4. Time according to manufacturer’s directions
  5. Compare reaction colors with the manufacturer’s chart under a good light source
  6. Perform backup tests when indicated
  7. Be alert for the presence of interfering substances
  8. Understand the principles and significance of the rest; read package inserts
  9. Relate chemical findings to each other and to the physical and microscopic urinalysis results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

refrigerated specimens to reach what temp prior to testing ?

A

Room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

For how many seconds should the reagent strip be dipped?

A

1 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

How should the reagent strip be dipped?

A

complete but briefly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

How to remove excess urine in reagent strip?

A
  • Run edge of strip along rim of tube
  • Blot edge on absorbent paper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

For how many seconds should you wait to read glucose after dipping reagent strip into urine?

A

30 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

From what direction do you read the reagent strip?

A

Bottom to top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

Do you read glucose or leukocytes first? why?

A

Glucose becasue it reacts rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T or F

Reading leukocytes first causes false positive results for glucose

A

F (false negative results)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

After waiting for the reagents to react with the strip, what should you do?

A

Compare reaction colors with the manufacturer’s chart under a good light source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

In comparing reaction color’s with manufacturer’s chart, in whwat direction should you hold the strip?

A

Horizontally close to the color chart (not touching)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T or F

Holding the reagent strip close to the manufacturer’s bottle to the point of contact should not be done since it results to contamination

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

Where you will insert the strip then operate on for the machine to read it to you

A

Reagent strip reader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T or F

the MT should always perform backup test when indicated

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

Backup test for glucose

A

Benedict’s test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

Backup test for protein

A

heat and acetic acid or 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T or F

One should be alert for the presence of interfering substances

A

T duh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

You understand the principle and significance of the test by?

A

reading package inserts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reagent Strip Testing Procedure

Relate ………. to each other and to the ………. ………….and ………… urinalysis results

pretend the period are blanks, di ko mapalce maayos yung blanks

A

Relate chemical findings to each other and to the** physical** and microscopic urinalysis results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F

Relating physical and miscroscopic results means that once color of urine is red, microscopically there should be RBC present

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

How should reagent strips be stored?

A
  • Store with desiccant in opaque tightly capped containers
  • Store below 30 c
  • Keep strips in original container
  • Remove immediately prior to use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

Presence of air in reagent strips cause?

A

discoloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

Where should the reagent strips be stored? at what temperature?

A
  • with desiccant in opaque tightly capped containers
  • below 30 c
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

Do not expose the strips to?

A

volatile fumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

Do not touch the ?

A

test areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

Do not use if the chemical pads become?

A

discolored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T or F

One should remain to use if chemical pads become discolored

A

F (one should discard)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

The reagent in the strip that is usually the first one to be discolored

A

Urobilinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T or F

Do not use past the expiration date

A

T.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

Do not transfer test strips to ?

A

another vial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

T or F

Touch the test zones with your fingers

A

F (DO NOT touch test zones with your fingers; hold bottom without test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 4 sources of error

A
  1. Unmixed specimen
  2. Strip in urine for extended period
  3. Excess urine in the strip
  4. Refrigerated specimen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sources of error

These 2 tests are usually affected by unmixed specimen

A

RBCs and WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T or F

Unmixed specimen cause RBCs and WBCs to precipitate at bottom of container which causes false (+) results

A

F (cause false negative result)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sources of error

reagents will leech (lalabas), goes into the urine → no reagent in test pad

A

Strip in urine for extended period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sources of Error

What is the required component in a reagent strip which is a test fro protein that acts as a buffer

A

Citric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sources of Error

No citric acid causes what result?

A

False positive result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sources of Error

Run-over between chemicals producing distortion of colors

A

Excess urine in the strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sources of Error

What should be done to avoid excess urine in the strip ?

A
  • Blot edge of the strip
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sources of Error

Refrigerated specimen cause what results?

A

False negative results

since enzymes do not react at cold temp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Do enzymes thrive in cold or hot environment?

A

hot environment; do not react in cold temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

T or F

Glucose gives false negative results once strip is subjected to cold temperature

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Familiarize Quality Control for Routine Chemistry

A
  1. Test open bottles of reagent strips with known positive and negative controls every 24 hours
  2. Resolve control results that are out of range by further testing
  3. Test reagents used in backup tests with positive and negative controls
  4. Perform positive and negative controls on new reagents and newly opened bottles of reagent strips
  5. Record all control results and reagent lot numbers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Quality control

Test open bottles of reagent strips using what method?

A

positive and negative controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Quality Control

How often should one test open bottles of reagent strips with known positive and negative controls?

A

every 24 hours (once daily)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Quality control

What should one do when control results are out of range ?

A

Resolve by further testing or repeating it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Quality control

What are the following that should be tested for positive and negative control?

A
  • Open bottle of reagent strip
  • Test reagents in backup test
  • New and newly opened bottles of reagent strips
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Quality Control; T or F

one should record only the control results of the newly opened bottles

A

F (all control results and their reagent lot numbers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Quality Control

What 2 things should be recorded?

A

All control results and reagent lot numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

If you see this card, study the procedure for quality control of reagent strips

A

go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Test using different reagents or methodologies to detect the same substances as detected by the reagent strips

A

Confirmatory Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Confirmatory Test

To what products are confirmatory tests done?

A

Tablets and liquid chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Confirmatory Test

reflects the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

pH; T or F

Secretion of H+ ions in urine hekp maintain acid-base balance in the body

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

pH

must buffer and eliminate excess acids

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Buffering capacity of blood depends on?

A

bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Secretion of hydrogen ions causes reabsorption of?

A

bicarbonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

acidosis, normal, alkalosis?

pH of 7.40

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

acidosis, normal, alkalosis

pH of 7.00

A

acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

acidosis, normal, alkalosis

8.75

A

alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

pH range of a first morning specimen

A

5.0 – 6.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

pH range of a random specimen

A

4.5 – 8.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

pH of an after meal specimen

A

Alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Familiarize the factors which could affect urine pH

A
  • Acid base content of the blood
  • Patient’s renal function
  • UTI
  • Patient’s dietary intake
  • Age of the specimen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

factors which could affect urine pH

What is the effect of UTI in urine?

A

increases alkalinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

factors which could affect urine pH

What is the effect of old age of specimen?

A

specimen becomes alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Familiarize the Clinical Significance of urine pH

A
  1. Respiratory or metabolic acidosis
  2. Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
  3. Defects in renal tubular secretion and reabsorption of acids and bases (renal tubular acidosis)
  4. Precipitation of crystals and calculi formation
  5. Treatment of UTI
  6. Determination of unsatisfactory specimen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

happens when lungs are unable remove enough CO2, leads to too much CO2 in body

A

metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

Too much CO2 causes pH to become?

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

Low CO2

A

metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

Tubules unable to reabsorb bicarbonates

A

Defects in renal tubular secretion and reabsorption of acids and bases (renal tubular acidosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

What happens if tubules cannot reabsorb bicarbonates?

A

goes into urine and will not secrete H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

Precipitation of crystals and calculi formation depends on?

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

Crystals come from precipitation of what?

A

precipitation of inorganic chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

What happens if crystals are not flushed out

A

it turns into stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

most frequent constituent of renal calculi

A

Calcium oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

In what pH of urine does the calcium oxalate precipitate?

A

acidic urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

Since calcium oxalate precipitate in acidic urine, what do the physicians do in order to idscourage formation of calculi?

A

they alkalinize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH

pH which indicates specimen is already stale?

A

9.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Clinical Significance of urine pH; T or F

Specimen should be recollected if it has pH of 9.0

A

T (stale already)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Increased protein and meat diet

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Cranberries

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Acid producing bacteria

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Starvation

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Dehydration

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Diarrhea

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Diabetes mellitus

A

Acid Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Increased fruits and vegetables

A

Alkaline Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Citrus

A

Alkaline Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

after meal

A

Alkaline Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Renal tubular acidosis

A

Alkaline Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Urease producing bacteria

A

Alkaline Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Hyperventilation

A

Alkaline Urine

rabid release of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Acid or Alkaline Urine?

Old specimen

A

Alkaline Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

used as home remedy for urine

A

Cranberries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

the common of these 4 are the formation of ketone bodies (presence of acid substances)

A
  • Starvation
  • Dehydration
  • Diarrhea
  • Diabetes mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

T or F

Hyperventilation causes rabid reabsorption of carbon dioxide hence produces acid urine

CONGRATS YOU’RE ON THE 100TH CARD

CELEBRATORY TWERK PLS SEND TO ME VID

A

F (opposite, hyperventilation is rabid release of CO2 hence alkaline urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What are the methods used to measure pH?

A
  1. pH strip
  2. pH electrode
  3. Titratable acidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

  • Double indicator system
A

pH reagent strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

Indicators used in pH reagent strip

A

Methyl red & Bromothymol blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

Principle of pH Reagent strip

A

Double indicator system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

Methyl red changes color from? also what pH range

A

red to yellow
pH 4-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

Bromothymol blue changes from what color? also what pH

A

yellow to blue
pH 6-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

In reagent strips, what pH does correspond to color orange?

A

5.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

In reagent strips, what pH does correspond to color blue

A

8.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

What is the color transition in reagent strip?

A

5.0 orange → green → blue (8.5) as pH ↑

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

Reagent strips should be read after?

A

after 60 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

  • pH meter w/ glass electrode
  • Measures the voltage caused by the H+ ions in the urine
  • An electrode is dipped into the solutions
A

pH electrode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

Measured by titrating an aliquot of 24 hour urine with 0.1 N NaOH with pH 7.4 as an end point

A

Titratable Acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

What urine specimen is used in titratable acidity?

A

24 hour urine specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

In titratable acidity, what other substance are used with 24 hour urine?

A

0.1 N NaOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Methods of Measuring pH

In titratable acidity, what is the pH end point?

A

pH 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Important renal marker

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Volume of clinical proteinuria?

A

> 30 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

T or F

Most of the albumin is not filtered

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Filtered albumin is reabsorbed or excreted?

A

reabsorbed by tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Normal amount of protein in the body per day?

A

less than 100 mg of protein / 24 hours (150 from henry)

or

less than
10 mg/dl average random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

According to henry’s and bishop, what is the molecular weight of protein allowed by glomerulus to filter?

A

Henry: < 70,000 mw
Bishop: < 66,000 mw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What are the other proteins in urine?

A
  • Microglobulin
  • Uromoduli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Other proteins in urine

What is the other name of uromodulin?

A

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Other proteins in urine

  • Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein
  • lines matrix of all casts
A

Uromodulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

How many g/day is the protein content for functional proteinuria?

A

0.5 g/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q
  • 0.5 g/day
  • This is usually resolved with rest for 2-3 days
A

Functional Proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

How many days should one rest to resolved functional proteinuria

A

2-3 days

repeat collection after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Familiarize the causes of functional proteinuria

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Exercise
  3. Congestive Heart Failure
  4. Cold exposure (prolonged cold baths)
  5. Fever
  6. Late pregnancy
  7. Emotional stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q
  • Exaggerated Lordotic posture * (Exaggerated lumbar curve)*
  • Happens when patient is standing
A

Postural/Orthostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Positive or negative in urine protein?

Day

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Positive or negative in urine protein?

Night

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Positive or negative in urine protein?

Vertical positioning of the body

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Positive or negative in urine protein?

Horizontal positioning of the body

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Positive or negative in urine protein?

First voided urine

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Positive or negative in urine protein?

2 hrs standing or walking

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Familiarize the procedure in collecting sample postural/orthostatic

A
  1. Let patient urinate before bedtime and get sample
  2. Patient sleeps horizontally
  3. Upon waking up, patient will be asked to urinate and test
  4. Ask patient to stand up and walk, after 2 hours collect urine sample and test again
  5. Comapre samples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Urine is contaminated directly or indirectly with albuminous fluids, pus cells, blood, vaginal discharge

A

Accidental or False or Pseudo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

In Accidental or False or Pseudo, what are the constituents which directly or indirectly contaminate urine?

A

albuminous fluids, pus cells, blood, vaginal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Example of Accidental or False or Pseudo

A

vaginitis, cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

T or F

Pathologic proteinuria are renal diseases and indicated decreased permeability of the glomerular filter

A

F (indicated increased permeability of the glomerular filter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Quantification proteinuria

How many g/day is the amount of protein in heavy proteinuria?

A

> 4g per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Quantification proteinuria

How many g/day is the amount of protein in moderate proteinuria?

A

1 to 4 g/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Quantification proteinuria

How many g/day is the amount of protein in minimal proteinuria?

A

<1 g/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Quantification proteinuria

Syndrome associated with heavy proteinuria

A

Nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Yes or No

Is this correlated with nephrotic syndrome?

↑ serum albumin

A

No, should be ↓ serum albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Yes or No

Is this correlated with nephrotic syndrome?

↑ Lipid in blood & urine

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Yes or No

Is this correlated with nephrotic syndrome?

Granular cast

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Yes or No

Is this correlated with nephrotic syndrome?

Glycogen cast

A

No, should be Fatty cast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Yes or No

Is this correlated with nephrotic syndrome?

Oval fat body

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Quantification proteinuria

What are the conditions correlated with nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • ↓ serum albumin
  • ↑ Lipid in blood & urine
  • Granular cast
  • Fatty cast
  • Oval fat body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

T or F

Heavy proteinuria means there is high amount of protein in urine and low in blood

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Quantification proteinuria

Low protein blood is compensated by body through producing of?

A

lipids (which increase cast)

153
Q

What are the patterns under Qualitative Proteinuria

A

Glomerular and Tubular pattern

154
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?

more than 3 - 4 g/day

A

Glomerular Pattern

155
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?

(-) charge on GBM

A

Glomerular Pattern

156
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?

Urine (+) large protein
* a2 macroglobulin
* B-lipoprotein

A

Glomerular Pattern

157
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?

Glomerulonephritis

A

Glomerular Pattern

158
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?
1 - 2 g/day

A

Tubular Pattern

159
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?

Urine (+) small proteins
* a1 microglobulin
* b2 microglobulin

A

Tubular Pattern

160
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

Glomerular or Tubular Pattern?

Fanconi, Cystinosis

A

Tubular Pattern

161
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

What are the urine (+) large protein in glomerular pattern?

A
  • a2 macroglobulin
  • B-lipoprotein
162
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria

What are the urine (+) small protein in tubular pattern?

A
  • a1 microglobulin
  • b2 microglobulin
163
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria; T or F

In Glomerular Pattern, the problem is Glomerular basement membrane since it lets even big proteins pass through

A

True the fire

164
Q

Qualitative Proteinuria; T or F

In tubular pattern, Glomerular basement membrane is also damaged

A

F (GBM is intact, tubular is problem)

165
Q
  • due to the overflow of excess level of protein in the circulation
  • can be seen with hemoglobin, myoglobin or immunoglobulin loss into the urine
A

Overflow Proteinuria

166
Q

Overflow Proteinuria

What is loss into urine which can indicate overflow proteinuria?

A

hemoglobin, myoglobin or immunoglobulin loss

globin losses heheheh

167
Q

Causes of Proteinuria

  • before plasma reaches the tubules
  • Multiple myeloma (Bence Jones Protein) intravascular hemolysis (hemoglobin)
  • acute phase reactants
A

Prerenal

168
Q

Causes of Proteinuria

  • associated with tubes; protein is added as it passes urinary tract
  • Glomerular Disorders
  • Tubular proteinuria
  • Orthostatic proteinuria
  • Microalbuminuria
A

Renal

169
Q

Causes of Proteinuria

  • Lower UTI
  • Menstrual contamination
  • Vaginal secretions
A

Post renal

170
Q

2 common methods in measurement of protein?

A
  1. Reagent strip method
  2. Acid precipitation techniques
171
Q

2 common methods in measurement of protein

Principle: Protein error of pH indicators
*More sensitive to albumin
*Indicators change in color in the presence of protein

A

Reagent Strip Method

172
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

pH is at constant at ?

A

3

173
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

Reagent strip is constant due to what substance which acts as a buffer

A

Citric acid

174
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

accepts ions from the indicator

A

Protein (anion)

175
Q

T or F

Reagent Strip Method is more sensitive to albumin

A

T

176
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

  • contains more amino groups to accept H+ than other proteins
  • ideal to observe since this indicates damage in GBR
A

Albumin

177
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

Indicator used in reagent strip in measurement of protein

A

tetrabromophenol blue

178
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

Other indicators used in reagent strip in measurement of protein

A
  • Tetrachlorophenol
    Tetrabromosulfonaphthalein
179
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

Results:

Negative and Trace value in reagent strip-protein

A

N/A

180
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

Results:

+

A

30 mg/dl

181
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

++

A

100 mg/dl

182
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

+++

A

300 mg/dl

183
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

++++

A

2,000 mg/dl

184
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

False positive or False negative?

highly buffered alkaline urine

Sources of error

A

False positive

acidic strip is override

185
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

False positive or False negative?

high specific gravity

A

False positive

because specimen is concentrated

186
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

False positive or False negative?

quaternary ammonium compounds

also accepts H ions

A

False positive

187
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

False positive or False negative?

microalbuminuria

A

False negative

188
Q

Measurement of Protein: Reagent Strip Method

False positive or False negative?

proteins other than albumin

A

False negative

188
Q

Measurement of Protein: Heat & Acetic acid

Where do you add drops of acid and where do you heat it?

A

Upper portion

189
Q

Measurement of Protein: Acid Precipitation Techniques

Principle: precipitation of protein because of heat and acetic acid
* one of the methods under acid precipitation technqiues where you put acid and heat protein

A

Heat & acetic acid

190
Q

Measurement of Protein: Heat & Acetic acid

Results:
(-)

A

no cloudiness or haziness

191
Q

Measurement of Protein: Heat & Acetic acid

(+1)

A

diffuse cloud

192
Q

Measurement of Protein: Heat & Acetic acid

(+2)

A

granular cloud

193
Q

Measurement of Protein: Heat & Acetic acid

(+3)

A

distinct flocculation

194
Q

Measurement of Protein: Heat & Acetic acid

(+4)

A

large flocculation dense, sometimes solid

195
Q

Measurement of Protein

What are the techniques under Acid Precipitation?

A
  1. Heat and acetic acid
  2. 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Other mentioned:

  • Heller’s Ring or Heller’s Heat or Nitric acid test
  • Picric Acid Test
  • Robert’s Ring Test
196
Q

Measurement of Protein: Acid Precipitation Techniques

Also known as Exton’s test

A

3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST

197
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Positive result is?

A

Formation of precipitation

198
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Identify what result

Turbidity: No increase in turbidity
Protein range: < 6

A

Negative

199
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Identify what result

Turbidity: Noticeable turbidity
Protein range: 6-30

CONGRATS YOU’RE ON THE 200TH CARD

A

Trace

200
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Identify what result

Turbidity: Distinct turbidity w/ no granulation
Protein range: 30-100

A

1+

201
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Identify what result

Turbidity: Turbidity with granulation; no flocculation
Protein range: 100-200

A

2+

202
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Identify what result

Turbidity: Turbidity with granulation & flocculation
Protein range: 200-400

A

3+

203
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

Identify what result

Turbidity: Clumps of protein
Protein range: > 400

A

4+

204
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

False positive or False negative?

highly alkaline urine

A

False negative

it neutralizes since acid is used here

205
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

False positive or False negative?

Iodinated dyes (x-ray contrast media)

A

False positive

turbid specimen

206
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

False positive or False negative?

Penicillin

A

False positive

207
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

False positive or False negative?

Salicylate

A

False positive

208
Q

Measurement of Protein: 3% Sulfosalicylic acid TEST (Exton’s)

False positive or False negative?

Tolbutamide

A

False positive

209
Q

Acid Precipitation Technique: OTHER ACID PRECIPITATION METHODS

Positive result: White opaque ring at the zone of contact

A

Heller’s Ring or Heller’s Heat or Nitric acid test

210
Q

Acid Precipitation Technique: OTHER ACID PRECIPITATION METHODS

Positive result: Light cloudiness to a heavy flocculation

A

Picric Acid Test

211
Q

Acid Precipitation Technique: OTHER ACID PRECIPITATION METHODS

Positive result: White ring at the point of contact

A

Robert’s Ring Test

212
Q

Measurement of Protein

Drug metabolites can cause what result in Reagent strip and Acid precipitation?

A

Reagent strip: No effect
Acid precipitation: May cause False positive

213
Q

Measurement of Protein

False positive, False negative, or No effect?

Highly alkaline urine in reagent strip test

A

False positive

214
Q

Measurement of Protein

False positive, False negative, or No effect?

Quaternary ammonium compounds in reagent strip

A

False positive

215
Q

Measurement of Protein

False positive, False negative, or No effect?

Radiographic contrast media heat and acetic acid tes

A

False positive

216
Q

Measurement of Protein

False positive, False negative, or No effect?

High alkaline urine in acid precipitation test

A

False negative

217
Q

Measurement of Protein

False positive, False negative, or No effect?

Radiographic contrast media in reagent strip

A

No effect

218
Q

What are the methods in quantitative protein?

A
  1. Precipitation
  2. Colorimetric
  3. Dye binding
219
Q

Quantitative Protein

  • Salicylic acid + Trichloroacetic acid
  • Measured by nephelometer or photometer
A

Precipitation

220
Q

Quantitative Protein

What reagents does Precipitation use?

A

Salicylic acid + Trichloroacetic acid

221
Q

Quantitative Protein

How is Precipitation measured?

A

nephelometer or photometer

222
Q

Quantitative Protein

  • Trichloroacetic acid + Biuret
  • Mixed; solution will be gray
  • measured by spectrophotomete
A

Colorimetric

223
Q

Quantitative Protein

What reagents does Colorimetric use?

A

Trichloroacetic acid + Biuret

224
Q

Quantitative Protein

How is Colorimetric method measured?

A

spectrophotometer

225
Q

Quantitative Protein

  • Coomassie brilliant blue + Ponceau S
  • measured by spectrophotometer
A

Dye binding

226
Q

Quantitative Protein

What reagents does dye binding use?

A

Coomassie brilliant blue + Ponceau S

227
Q

Quantitative Protein

How is dye binding measured?

A

spectrophotometer

228
Q
  • Gamma globulin/Light chain immunoglobulin
  • Coagulates: between 40 c and 60 c
  • Dissolves: 100 c

Associated with:
* Multiple myeloma
* Waldenstrome’s macroglobulinemia
* Malignant lymphomas

A

Bence Jones Proteinuria

229
Q

What are the conditions associated with Bence Jones Proteinuria?

A
  1. Multiple myeloma
  2. Waldenstrome’s macroglobulinemia
  3. Malignant lymphomas
230
Q

Bence Jones Proteinuria

malignant disorder that results in infiltration of bone marrow by plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

231
Q

Bence Jones Proteinuria

Bence Jones Proteinuria coagulates at what temp?

A

between 40 c and 60 c

232
Q

Bence Jones Proteinuria

Bence Jones Proteinuria dissolves at what temp?

A

100 c

233
Q
A
234
Q

Bence Jones Proteinuria

What are the methods for Bence Jones Proteinuria

A
  1. Heat and HAc Acid test
  2. Bradshaw
  3. Toluene Sulfonic Acid (TSA) test
  4. Electrophoresis
  5. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis (IFE)
235
Q

Bence Jones Proteinuria

  • indicated by single sharp peak in gamma globulin region
  • best method in Bence jones proteinuria
A

Electrophoresis

236
Q
  • Predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (diabetic nephropathy)
  • Hypertension and cardiovascular risk
  • Beginning stages
A

Microalbuminuria

237
Q

Presence of microalbuminuria helps detect risk in what diseases?

A

Hypertension and cardiovascular risk

238
Q

Microalbuminuria

Specimen for microalbuminuria?

A

random or first morning urine

239
Q

Preservation of Microalbuminuria using 24 hour urine specimen?

A

Refrigeration

240
Q

T or F

Less than 30 mg is normal in Microalbuminuria using 24 hour urine specimen

A

T

241
Q

Amount of albumin present for early kidney disease or Microalbuminuria?

A

30 to 300 mg

242
Q

Amount of albumin present for more advanced kidney disease or Macroalbuminuria?

A

> 300 mg

243
Q

Albumin Excretion Rate (AER)?

A

20 to 200 ug/min

244
Q

What are the methods in Microalbuminuria?

A
  1. Micral II Test strip
  2. Immunodip
  3. Clinitek microalbumin
  4. Multistix pro
245
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

  • Immunologic Test
  • Enzyme Immunoassay
  • Strip contains gold labeled anti human albumin antibody – enzyme conjugate
  • Albumin binds with antibody and move up the strip
  • Reacts with the enzyme substrate
A

Micral Test

246
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

What does the strip in micral test contain?

A

gold labeled anti human albumin antibody (enzyme conjugate)

247
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

Antigen:
Antibody:

A

Antigen: Albumin in urine
Antibody: Reagent

248
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

Albumin binds with …….. and move …… the strip

A

Albumin binds with antibody and move up the strip

249
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

The principle used in micral test is reaction with?

A

reaction with enzyme substrate

250
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

sensitivity?

A

0-10 mg/dl

251
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

reagents?

A

gold-labeled antibody

252
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

Enzyme?

2

A
  • B galactosidase
  • Chlorophenol red galactoside
253
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test; T or F

Possible interference in micral test could be due to concentrated urine which results in false positive

A

F (dilute urine: false positive)

254
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

For how long should the strip be allowed to stand

A

1 min

255
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

Positive result?

A

pink-red

256
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

Negative result?

A

white

257
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

This is where the free antibodies reside

part of the micral strip

A

Zone 1: Conjugate matrix fleece

258
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Micral Test

controls that are fixed

part of the micral strip

A

Zone 2: Capture Matrix Fleece

259
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

  • Immunochromatography
  • Principle: Immunology
  • Albumin in urine binds with blue latex particles coated with anti human albumin antibody
A

Immunodip

260
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

For how long should the strip be left in the urine?

A

3 mins

261
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

Albumin in urine binds with …….. coated with …………

A

Albumin in urine binds with blue latex particles coated with anti human albumin antibody

262
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

migration direction of bound and unbound particle?

A

migrate up the strip

263
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

These particles do not migrate as far as the bound particles

A

Unbound particles

264
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

Positive result?

A

Darker top band

265
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

Negative result?

A

Darker bottom band

266
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

Reagent?

A

blue latex coated with anti human albumin antibody

267
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Immunodip

Interference in Immunodip happens when urine is dilute which causes false positive results

A

F (Dilute urine: false negative)

268
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

  • Albumin:Creatinine ratio
  • Principle:Albumin dye binding principle
  • More specific & sensitive to albumin
  • estimates 24 hr microalbumin excretion
  • corrects for overhydration or dehydration in a random specimen
A

Clinitek Microalbumin

269
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin

Dye used in Clinitek Microalbumin

A

diodo dihydoxy dinitrophenyl tetrabrosulphonaphthalein (DIDNTB)

270
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin

Sensitivity?

A

8 to 15 mg/dl (80 to 150 mg/dl)

271
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin

Clinitek microalbumin estimates?

A

24 hr microalbumin excretion

272
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin; T or F

Clinitek microalbumin corrects for overhydration or dehydration in a 24 hour specimen

A

F (corrects for overhydration or dehydration in a random specimen)

273
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin

produced & excreted at a constant rate

A

Creatinine

274
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin

Detection of creatinine in clinitek microalbumin uses what priciple?

A

Pseudo-peroxide activity of copper-creatinine complexes

275
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria: Clinitek Microalbumin

These are the involved reactants in clinitek microalbumin

A

diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide (DBDH) and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)

276
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix pro

What does this indicate:
Protein error of indicators

A

Protein high

277
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix pro

What does this indicate:
Dye binding method (sulphonapthalein dye)

A

Protein low

278
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix pro

This substance is based on the Pseudoperoxidase of CuCrea

A

Creatinine

279
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?

Leukocytes

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

279
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix pro

Urobilinogen and bilirubin

A

Not measured

280
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Nitrite

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

281
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Urobilinogen

A

Multistix

282
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Protein

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

283
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
pH

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

284
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Blood

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

285
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Specific Gravity

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

286
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Ketone

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

287
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Bilirubin

A

Multistix

288
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Glucose

A

Multistix and Multistix Pro

289
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Protein high

A

Multistix Pro

290
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Protein low

A

Multistix Pro

291
Q

methods in Microalbuminuria

Multistix or Multistix Pro?
Creatinine

A

Multistix Pro

292
Q

Detectable amount of glucose

A

Glucosuria (glucose in urine)

293
Q

Renal threshold of glucose?

A

160 to 180 mg/dl

294
Q

2 Types of Glucosuria

A
  1. Glucosuria Hyperglycemia associated
  2. Glucose Renal associated
295
Q

2 Types of Glucosuria

  • Glucose high in blood
  • More than 180 mg/dl
  • Hormones that cause breakdown of glycogen to glucose
A

Glucosuria Hyperglycemia associated

296
Q

2 Types of Glucosuria

What are the conditions associated with Glucosuria Hyperglycemia

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. Pancreatic Ca
  4. Acromegaly
  5. Cushing’s syndrome
  6. Hyperthyroidism
  7. Pheochromocytoma
  8. CNS damage
  9. Stress
  10. Gestational diabetes
297
Q

2 Types of Glucosuria

  • Glucose in the blood is normal
  • Tubules cannot reabsorb glucose
A

Glucose Renal associated

298
Q

2 Types of Glucosuria

What is the main tubule affected in Glucose Renal associated type of glucosuria?

CONGRATS YOU’RE ON THE 200TH CARD

TWERK KA MUNA

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

299
Q

2 Types of Glucosuria

What are the conditions associated with Glucose Renal

A
  1. Fanconi’s syndrome
  2. Advanced Renal Disease
  3. Osteomalacia
  4. Pregnancy
300
Q

What are the 2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated?

A

Reagent Strip Methods, Copper Reduction Methods

301
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

  • Specific for glucose only
  • Principle: Double sequential enzyme
  • Glucose & Peroxidase
A

Reagent Strip Methods

302
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Principle of reagent strip method?

A

Double sequential enzyme

303
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

ENzymes involved for reagent strip method?

A

Glucose & Peroxidase

304
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

End products of reagent strips?

A

Oxidized chromogen + Water

305
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Causes of error: Reagent strips

False positive or False negative?

oxidizing cleaning agent (peroxide)

A

False positive

306
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Causes of error: Reagent strips

False positive or False negative?
Vit C

A

False negative

307
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

False positive or False negative?
Improperly preserved specimen

A

False negative

308
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

False positive or False negative?
High specific gravity

A

False negative

308
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

False positive or False negative?
High ketones

A

False negative

308
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

False positive or False negative?
Low temperatures

A

False negative

308
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What is the chromogen used for multistix reagent strips?

A

Potassium Iodide chromogen

309
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What is the negative result in multistix using potasssium iodide chromagen?

A

Blue

309
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What is the positive result in multistix using potasssium iodide chromagen?

A

Green-brown in 30 seconds

310
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Chromogen used in chemstrip?

A

Aminopropyl-carbazole

311
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What is the color transition of chemstrip?

A

yellow to orange brown

312
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What is the chromogen used in Clinistix?

A

O toluidine chromogen

313
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What is the color transition of Clinistix?

A

pink to purple

314
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Reporting for Reagent Strips

Amount present for Negative ?

A

N/A

315
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Reporting for Reagent Strips

Amount present for Trace ?

A

100 mg/dl

316
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Reporting for Reagent Strips

Amount present for 1+ ?

A

250 mg/dl

317
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Reporting for Reagent Strips

Amount present for +2 ?

A

500 mg/dl

318
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Reporting for Reagent Strips

Amount present for 3+?

A

1,000 mg/dl

319
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Reporting for Reagent Strips

Amount present for 4+

A

> 2,000 mg/dl

320
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

  • Principle: Copper reduction
  • Ability of glucose to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali & heat
A

Benedict’s & Clinitest

321
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

What are the reagents used in Benedict’s test

A
  • Copper Sulfate
  • Na carbonate
  • Citric acid
322
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Results for coppper reduction test: Benedict’s & Clinitest

Neg

A

Blue

323
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Results for coppper reduction test: Benedict’s & Clinitest

Trace

A

Green w/o precipitate

324
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Results for coppper reduction test: Benedict’s & Clinitest

1+

A

Yellow w/o precipitate

325
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Results for coppper reduction test: Benedict’s & Clinitest

2+

A

Yellow green w/ yellow precipitate

326
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Results for coppper reduction test: Benedict’s & Clinitest

3+

A

Muddy orange w/ yellow precipitate

327
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Results for coppper reduction test: Benedict’s & Clinitest

4+

A

Orange to red precipitate

328
Q

T or f

Sucrose tests negative for benedict’s and clinitest

A

T

329
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

  • Principle: Copper reduction
  • Reagents of benedict’s are in tablet form
A

Clinitest

330
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

CuSO4, NaOH, Sodium carbonate, Sodium citrate

Clinitest

A

Reagents in clinitest

331
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Citric acid + Na carbonate

Clinitest

A

Bubbles

332
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

NaOH + water

Clinitest

A

Heat

333
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Negative results for clinitest?

A

Blue

334
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Positive results for clinitest?

A

Green to orange/red

335
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

If glucose is too high, pass through phenomenon has how much amount of glucose?

Copper reduction test: glucose

A

> 2g/dl sugar

336
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

If glucose is too high, pass through phenomenon goes through what color transition?

Copper reduction test: glucose

A

Passes through orange to a dark shade of greenish brown

337
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

When glucose is high, results pass through orange to a dark shade of greenish brown becasue of what phenomenon?

Copper reduction test: glucose

what specific rection

A

Re-oxidation of cuprous oxide to cupric oxide

338
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Result: Spotted bluish white tablet

Clinitest

A

Normal

339
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Result: Dark blue to brown table

Clinitest

A

Discard specimen

340
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

what do you do to the specimen when glucose is too high?

Clinitest

A

Dilute using two-drop method

341
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Identify what method:
5 drops of urine; 10 drops of water

Clinitest

A

Five-drop method

342
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Identify what method:
2 drops of urine; 10 drops of water

Clinitest

A

Two-drop method

343
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Five-drop method results:
Negative?

Clinitest

A

N/A

344
Q

Five-drop method results:
Trace

Clinitest

A

0.25 g/dl

345
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Five-drop method results:
+

Clinitest

A

0.5 g/dl

346
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Five-drop method results:
++

Clinitest

A

0.75 g/dl

347
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Five-drop method results:
+++

Clinitest

A

1.0 g/dl

348
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Five-drop method results:
++++

Clinitest

A

2.0 g.dl

349
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Two-drop method results:
Negative

Clinitest

A

N/A

350
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Two-drop method results:
+

Clinitest

A

1 g/dl

351
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Two-drop method results:
++

Clinitest

A

2 g/dl

352
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Two-drop method results:
+++

Clinitest

A

3 g/dl

353
Q

2 methods used in measuring glucose for glucose renal associated

Two-drop method results:
++++

Clinitest

A

5 g/dl

354
Q

Method: Benedict

What is the principle, positive result, and sugar measured?

A

Principle: copper reduction

Positive result: green, yellow, orange, red

Sugar measured: Glucose and other reducing sugars

355
Q

Method: Clinitest tablet

What is the principle, positive result, and sugar measured?

A

Principle: copper reduction

Positive result: green, yellow, orange, red

Sugar measured: Glucose and other reducing sugars

356
Q

Method: Reagent Strip

What is the principle, positive result, and sugar measured?

A

Principle: Double sequential enzyme reaction (glucose oxidase)

Positive result: Green to brown

Sugar measured: Glucose only

357
Q

Method: Reagent Strip

What is the negative result?

A

blue

358
Q

Results
Reagent strip: 1+
Benedict’s: -

What is the interpretation?

A

Glucose (small amount)

359
Q

Results
Reagent strip: +
Benedict’s: +

What is the interpretation?

A

glucose & reducing sugars

360
Q

Results
Reagent strip: -
Benedict’s: +3

What is the interpretation?

A

non-glucose reducing sugars

361
Q

Results
Reagent strip: 3+
Benedict’s: +

What is the interpretation?

A

??????

(strips may not oxidizing agent; benedict reagent is not effective)

362
Q

Correlation of Reagent Strip and Heat and Acetic acid results:

Reagent strip: +1
Heat &HAc: -

A

Albumin present

363
Q

Correlation of Reagent Strip and Heat and Acetic acid results:

Reagent strip: +
Heat &HAc: +

A

Proteinuria

364
Q

Correlation of Reagent Strip and Heat and Acetic acid results:

Reagent strip: -
Heat &HAc: +

A

BJP, Globulins, etc.

365
Q

Glucose

What is the results on reagent strip and copper reduction?

A

Reagent strip: +
Copper reduction: +

366
Q

Reducing sugars

What is the results on reagent strip and copper reduction?

A

Reagent strip: NE
Copper reduction: +

367
Q

Homogentisic acid

What is the results on reagent strip and copper reduction?

A

Reagent strip: NE
Copper reduction: +

368
Q

Xray dye

What is the results on reagent strip and copper reduction?

A

Reagent strip: NE
Copper reduction: black

369
Q

H202 & hypochlorite

What is the results on reagent strip and copper reduction?

A

Reagent strip: False (-)
Copper reduction: -

370
Q

Glucose Results

False positive or False Negative?

Ascorbic acid in Clinitest

A

False positive

371
Q

Glucose Results

False positive or False Negative?

Oxidizing agents in Reagent strip testing

A

False positive

372
Q

Glucose Results

False positive or False Negative?

Ascorbic acid in Reagent strip

A

False negative

AUBF (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions