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Science > Rocks > Flashcards

Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What are grains?

A

Small particles of rock. They can be smooth, round or interlocking

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2
Q

What are crystals?

A

A solid material where atoms are arranged in an organised and regular pattern

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3
Q

What are the three types of rock?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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4
Q

What does porous mean?

A

Has pockets of air meaning water can pass through it

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5
Q

What are metamorphic rocks like?

A

They have grains, thin layers and squashed fossils

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6
Q

What are igneous rocks like?

A

Crystals, non-porous, hard

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7
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Magma from under the earth cools down and solidifies on the earth

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8
Q

How are intrusive igneous rocks formed?

A

They cool slowly inside the volcano because of the heat meaning it has more time to form bigger crystals

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9
Q

What type of crystals do intrusive igneous rocks have?

A

Big - because of the heat, they have a long time to cool

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10
Q

How are extrusive rocks formed?

A

The magma cools quickly outside the volcano on the cool surface meaning the crystals are smaller since they don’t have as much time to form

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11
Q

What are sedimentary rocks like?

A

Layers, rounded grains, porous, soft, fossils

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12
Q

What causes acid rain?

A

Combustion of fossil fuels and coal and oil. They release sulphur dioxide when burned. It dissolves in raindrops and becomes sulfuric acid

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13
Q

What problems does acid rain causes?

A

They change the pH of water (more acidic) and makes fish die.
They change the characteristics of soil making the trees and plants die. This means photosynthesis gets reduced so the amount of oxygen decreases and CO2 increases
Also erodes and damages rocks and metals

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14
Q

What is physical weathering?

A

When rocks are broken down by forces that result from stresses generated when water in cracks and fissures expand on freezing.
Rocks at the earths surface are broken down by forces that result from stresses generated when rocks contract and expand on heating and cooling

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15
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Breaking down of rocks caused by living things

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16
Q

What is a scree slope?

A

Bits of rock that have been broken apart from the bare rock on the bottom of the sides of mountains

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17
Q

What are different types of PHYSICAL WEATHERING?

A

Freeze-thaw, onion skin weathering

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18
Q

What are ways of biological weathering?

A

Animals dig through rocks to make burrows

Plants grow through rocks as they grow

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19
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Weathering of rock by acid rain

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20
Q

What is erosion?

A

The process where the surface of rocks are worn away by the transportation of material

21
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breaking away of rock without moving

22
Q

What is transportation?

A

The movement of rock from one place to another

23
Q

What are different types of erosion?

A

Attrition - rocks knocking against each other, glacial erosion - plucking and abrasion, hydraulic action - when water

24
Q

What is lava?

A

Molten rock that is released from the earths core in a volcano

25
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock that is found within the Earth (in the mantle)

26
Q

What is sediment?

A

Small fragments of rock and soil

27
Q

Why don’t igneous rocks have any fossils?

A

The magma would have melted any fossils in the original rock

28
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

When sediment gets deposited after transportation to the bottom of the ocean. Overtime, more bits of rock fall on top and form layers. The weight and pressure of the rocks at the top compact the rocks at the bottom. The water is squeezed out from I between the layers causing the rocks to be cemented

29
Q

What is deposition?

A

Sediment being deposited to from layers

30
Q

What is compaction?

A

Sediment is squashed. Water is squeezed out

31
Q

What is cementation?

A

Sediment grains are stuck together

32
Q

Where would you find older grains on sedimentary rocks?

A

At the bottom

33
Q

What are fossils?

A

A preserved skeleton or remains of an ancient loving thing

34
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

Loving thing dies near a water source. It is buried and the flesh decays and only the bone is left. Sediment falls on top of the bone to form layers. It compresses the bone turning it into rock. Minerals soak through the bone to form a fossil. The rock is eroded away until the fossil is exposed on earths surface

35
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Other rocks that have changed by immense heat and great pressure - they do not melt but the minerals they contain are chemically changed

36
Q

How do igneous rocks change into sedimentary rocks?

A

They get weathered and eroded info small sediments and transported, deposited, compacted then cemented

37
Q

How do sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks?

A

Being at the bottom of the oven near the earths mantle, the heat from magma and the pressure of the sediment on top, can change the rock to metamorphic

38
Q

How can metamorphic rocks change into igneous rocks?

A

They melt and become magma then cool solidify from volcanoes

39
Q

What are the four parts of the earth?

A

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

40
Q

What state of matter is the mantle?

A

Liduidy solid

41
Q

What state of matter is the outer core?

A

Liquid

42
Q

What state of matter is the inner core?

A

Solid

43
Q

What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river?

A

They get smaller and more rounded

44
Q

What is the core made from?

A

Iron and nickel

45
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

The layer of gases that surround the earth

46
Q

What do seismic waves do?

A

Identify earths layers

47
Q

How do seismic waves identify earths layers?

A

The speed of seismic waves depends on density so we can use the travel time to identify changes in density with depth and show that earth is composed of several layers

48
Q

What are primary waves like?

A

Refract at the boundaries, indicate that there are layers in the earth, trace through liquids and solids, fast

49
Q

What are secondary waves like?

A

Slow, can’t travel through the outer core, indicates the outer core is liquid, travels through solids only

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