REVIEWER FOR PRELIMS Flashcards
(THE SKULL)
1
Q
head rests on the superior end of the vertebral column and is divided into two main sets of bones:
A
skull or bony skeleton of the head
2
Q
which enclose and protect the fragile brain tissue
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cranium
3
Q
which support the eyes and position them anteriorly. They also provide attachment sites for facial muscles which make it possible for us to present our feelings to the world.
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facial bone
4
Q
function of the Cerebral Cranium
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to protect the brain from injury.
5
Q
Part of the skull that encloses the brain. It is also referred to as the “Calvarium/Calvaria” or Brain case or Cranial vault.
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CEREBRAL CRANIUM
6
Q
eight bones that construct the Cranium.
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(1) Frontal Bone
(2) Parietal Bones
(1) Occipital Bone
(2) Temporal Bones
(1) Sphenoid Bone
(1) Ethmoid Bone
(FOP EST)
7
Q
This includes the 14 bones of the face that forms the bony cavities for the protection of the eyes, nasal passages, and mouth.
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VISCERAL CRANIUM (FACIAL SKELETON)
8
Q
THE 14 FACIAL BONES/VISCERAL CRANIUM
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- (2) Maxillary Bones
- (2) Zygomatic Bones
- (2) Nasal Bones
- (2) Lacrimal Bones
- (2) Palatine Bones
- (2) Inferior Conchae or Turbinates
- (1) Vomer
- (1) Mandible(MV MZPLIN)
8
Q
are special interlocking joints between the various bones of the Cerebral Cranium.
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Sutures
9
Q
PARTS OF THE FRONTAL BONE
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A. SOPRA ORBITAL BORDERS/SUPRA ORBITAL MARGINS
B. GLABELLA
C. FRONTAL SINUSES (2)
D. NASION
E. SUPRA ORBITAL NOTCH/SUPRA ORBITAL FORAMEN
10
Q
4 Most Important Sutures of the Skull:
A
- One CORONAL SUTURE
- One SAGITTAL SUTURE
- One LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE
- Two SQUAMOSAL SUTURES
10
Q
- This single bone forms the forehead and part of the roof of the skull.
- Its smooth part forms the forehead.
- Its orbital parts form the roof of the orbits.
- And nasal parts help to form the nasal cavities.
A
FRONTAL BONE
11
Q
Are the ridges forming the upper margins of the circular openings of the orbits.
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SUPRA ORBITAL BORDERS/SUPRA ORBITAL MARGINS
12
Q
Is a smooth, rounded bony prominence above the nose.
It lies between the supra-orbital borders of the frontal bone.
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GLABELLA
13
Q
Are paired cavities in the squamous or forehead part of the frontal bone, one on each side. They communicate with the nose and vary in size and/or maybe absent.
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FRONTAL SINUSES (2)
14
Q
Is the middle point of the Fronto-Nasal suture.
A
NASION
15
Q
is a bony prominence on the outer surface of each parietal bone which is the greatest transverse diameter of the skull.
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Parietal Eminence
15
Q
Lies towards the medial end of each supra-orbital border allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass.
A
SUPRA-ORBITAL NOTCH/SUPRA ORBITAL FORAMEN.
16
Q
Are paired bones, one on each side of the Cerebral Cranium.
Forms the lateral wall and part of the roof of the skull.
Meet in the midline of the roof to form the “Sagittal Suture”.
Their anterior borders meet the frontal bone to form the “Coronal Suture”.
A
PARIETAL BONES (2)
17
Q
PARTS OF THE OCCIPITAL BONE
A
A. SQUAMOS PART
B. FORAMEN MAGNUM
C. LATERAL PARTS OF THE OCCIPITAL BONE
D. OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
E. BASE OF THE OCCIPITAL BONE
F. EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE/INION
17
Q
Is a single bone which forms the posterior part as well as the part of the base or floor of the cerebral cranium.
The Upper posterior border, along with the posterior border of the two parietal bones form the “Lambdoidal Suture”.
A
OCCIPITAL BONE
18
Q
is the flat posterior part of the occipital bone.
A
Squamous Part
19
Q
is an opening in the lower part of the occipital bone through which the Medulla of the brain leaves the skull, which is formed entirely by the occipital bone
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Foramen Magnum
20
Q
lie on each side of the Foramen Magnum.
A
Lateral Parts of the Occipital Bone
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– are two oval prominences on the under surface of the lateral parts of the foramen magnum
- form the joints with the superior articular surfaces of the first cervical vertebra or Atlas.
Occipital Condyles
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part in front of the Foramen Magnum which unite with the Sphenoid bone in front and forms part of the floor of the skull.
Base of the Occipital Bone
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is the bony prominence on the outer surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone which is readily palpable.
External Occipital Protuberance/Inion
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Forms part of the lateral walls and base of the skull.
Each temporal bone consist of a flat or squamous part above the ear, mastoid portion behind the ear and a petrous part that forms part of the base of the skull
TEMPORAL BONES (2)
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PARTS OF THE TEMPORAL BONES
A. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
B. MASTOID PROCESS
C. MASTOID AIR CELLS
D. PETROUS PART
E. STYLOID PROCESS
F. EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
G. INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
H. INTERNAL EAR
I. MANDIBULAR OR ARTUCULAR FOSSA
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is a slender bony process that extends forward from the squamous part to meet a similar process of the Zygomatic bone forming the “Zygomatic Arch”
Zygomatic Process
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is a large rounded bony prominence extending down behind the ear.
Mastoid Process
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are small cavities in the mastoid process and adjacent part that communicate with the middle ear.
Mastoid Air Cells
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is shaped like a pyramid that extends from the ear medially and forward in the base of the skull. Its inner end is pointed and contains the organ of hearing
Petrous Part
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is a sharp pointed process that extends down from the base of the petrous part which is seen in lateral view of the skull outlined behind the mandible. It is an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck
Styloid Process
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a tube-like passage extending into the petrous part of the temporal bone.
External Auditory Meatus
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lies in the middle or inner part of the petrous, medial to the middle ear. It allows the passage of cranial nerves VII and VIII.
Internal Auditory Meatus
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lies in the petrous part and is the organ of hearing.
Internal Ear
34
a depression on the temporal bone in front of the EAM.
With the capitulum of the mandible, it forms the Temporo-mandibular joint
Mandibular or Articular Fossa
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Infection in the middle ear may spread into these cells
Mastoiditis.
36
A single bone that helps to form a small part of the lateral wall of the skull on each side as well as part of the base of the skull. It is compared to a Bat with two pairs of wings extended
SPHENOID BONE
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PARTS OF THE SPHENOID BONE
A. BODY
B. WINGS
C. PTERYGOID PROCESS/PLATES
D. SPHENOID SINUSES
E. OPTIC FORAMEN
F. SELLA TURCICA
G. DORSUM SELLA (BACK OF THE SADDLE)
I. ANTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS
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– is the central part that lies in the midline of the floor of the skull, in front of the occipital bone
BODY
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extended laterally from the body. There are two pairs; the Greater wings and Lesser wings.
WINGS
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extend down from the undersurface of the body.
Pterygoid Processes/Plates
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are two cavities within the body of the bone, one on each side of the midline that lie behind the nasal fossae and open into them.
Sphenoid Sinuses
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is an opening at the front on each side of the body of the sphenoid. The optic nerve (nerve of sight) leave the cranial cavity by these openings to enter the orbits
Optic Foramen
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is a depression hallowed out on the upper surface of the body which is shaped like a saddle wherein the Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis lies in this depression
Sella Turcica
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Is the posterior wall of the Sella Turcica where it curves upward like the back of a saddle
Dorsum Sella (Back of Saddle)
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are two small rounded bony processes that extend up and forward from the top of the Dorsum Sella.
Posterior Clinoid Processes
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are two similar processes that extends back from the lesser wings of the sphenoid over the Sella Turcica.
Anterior Clinoid Processes
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Lies in the anterior part of the base of the skull between orbits. Like the Sphenoid bone, this bone is only partly visible because of the adjacent bones
ETHMOID BONE
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PARTS OF THE ETHMOID BONE
A. Cribriform plate
B. Crista galli
C. PERPENDICULAR PLATE
D. ETHMOID SINUSES
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it fills in a small gap between the orbital parts of the frontal bone.
It contains several small openings for the exit of the Olfactory nerves (nerves of smell) from the cranial cavity to the nasal cavities.
Cribriform Plate
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– is a sharp flat pointed process that extends up from the cribriform plate in the midline wherein the Falx Cerebri is attached to it.
Crista Galli
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is a large cavity in the body of each maxilla. Each open into the nose and contains air.
Maxillary Sinuses (Antra of Highmore)
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is a thin, flat, downward extension from the cribriform plate that forms a part of the nasal septum.
Perpendicular Plate
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Forms the floor of the orbits, the medial parts of the infra-orbital borders, lateral wall of the nasal fossae, the floor of the nasal cavities, part of the roof of the mouth and most of the cheeks.
MAXILLA or UPPER JAW
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is made up of fourteen bones. Of the 14 bones composing the face, 12 are paired.
Only the mandible and vomer are single bones.
An additional bone, the hyoid bone, although not a facial bone, is considered here because of its location
Visceral Cranium or Facial Skeleton
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are many small cavities in the labyrinth on each side. They lie between the medial border of the orbits and nasal cavities.
Ethmoid Sinuses
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is large that forms part of the cheek and lies laterally to the nose.
Body of the Maxilla
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PARTS OF THE MAXILLA
A. BODY OF THE MAXILLA
B. MAXILLARY SINUSES (ANTRA OF HIGHMORE)
C. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
D. ALVEOLAR PROCESS
E. PALATINE PROCESS
F. INFRA ORBITAL BORDER
G. INRA ORBITAL FORAMEN
H. ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE/ACANTHION
I. MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY
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extends laterally from the body to meet the maxillary process of the Zygomatic bone.
Zygomatic Process
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extends down from the body to accommodate the upper teeth.
Alveolar Process
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is a flat plate that extends medially above the mouth and form the anterior part of the Hard Palate.
Palatine Process
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is a ridge of bone forming the inner part of the lower border of the opening of the orbit.
Infra-orbital Border
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is an opening in the body of the maxilla just below the infra-orbital margin of each orbit.
Infra-Orbital Foramen
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is a small, pointed projection in the midline at the base of the nasal septum.
Anterior Nasal Spine / Acanthion–
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a small bony prominence behind the last upper molar.
Maxillary Tuberosity
60
lies under the junction of the two nasal bones and the movable part of the nose is composed of cartilages
Nasal Septum
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Forms the bridge of the nose which are thin plates of bone that articulate with the frontal bone and extend down to end the nasal cartilage.
The two nasal bones meets in the midline and extend laterally to join the maxillary bones.
NASAL BONES (2)
61
Forms the prominent part of the upper cheek and can be felt immediately below the orbit.
The upper border is concave and forms the outer part of the infra-orbital border. It also form the lateral wall of the orbit and part of the floor.
Its slender temporal process joins the zygomatic process of the temporal bone forming the “Zygomatic Arch”.
ZYGOMATIC BONE or MALAR BONE
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Is a thin curve bone extending medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
The inner or medial border is free, so that this bone forms an incomplete shelf within the nostril and are divided into an Upper and Lower Conchae.
INFERIOR CONCHAE or TURBINATES (2)
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Maybe difficult to identify but they are small four-sided flat bones that lie on the medial borders of the orbits close to the front.
Each Lacrimal bone has a groove for the tear duct which carries tears to the nasal cavities.
LACRIMAL BONES
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Are small “L” shaped structure lying behind the nasal cavity.
Its vertical part helps to form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity behind.
The two palatine processes of the maxillae and the two horizontal palatine parts form the Hard Palate.
PALATINE BONES
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is the prominent rounded part where the horizontal parts turn up to become the vertical part
Angle of the Mandible / Gonion
64
Is flat and shaped like a “Ploughshare” that lies vertically and helps to form the Nasal Septum where its lower border rests upon the upper surface of the Hard Palate.
VOMER
65
Is shaped like a Horseshoe with its posterior ends turned up on each side to articulate with the Temporal bone forming the “Temporo-Mandibular Joint” (TMJ).
MANDIBLE
66
PARTS OF THE MANDIBLE
1. ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE/ GONION
2. BODY
3. RAMI (SING - RAMUS)
4. SYMPHSIS MENTIS/MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS
5. MENTAL PROTUBERANCE
6. MENTAL FORAMEN
7. ALVEOLAR PROCESS
8. CORONOID PROCESS
9. CONDYLOID PROCESS
10. CAPITULUM
11. NECK
12. MANDIBULAR NOTCH
13. MANDIBULAR FORAMEN
67
is the horizontal part extending from the angle on one side and back to the angle on the other side.
Body
68
are flattened parts extending from the angles up to the joints with the Temporal bone.
Each__________ has a Coronoid process, Mandibular notch and a Condyloid process.
Rami (Sing- Ramus)
69
is a faint ridge running vertically in the midline where the two halves of the mandible fused to form one bone
Symphysis Mentis/Mandibular symphysis
70
is the prominence at the lower border of the
Symphysis Mentis and is called the “Chin”.
Mental Protuberance
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a small opening on the outer surface of the body below the Second premolar tooth on each side wherein the mandibular nerve passes out to the face.
Mental Foramen
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is the upper part of the body with cavities for the roots of the lower teeth
Alveolar Process
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is the posterior part of each ramus extending up from the angle to the joint.
Condyloid Process
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– is a thin, flattened pointed process extending up from the front of the Ramus.
Coronoid Process
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is the slightly expanded upper end of the condyloid process that articulate with the Temporal bone at the “Temporo-Mandibular Joint”.
Capitulum
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is the constricted part between the Capitulum and the remainder of the condyloid process.
Neck
76
is a half-moon shaped notch between the Coronoid and Condyloid processes.
Mandibular Notch
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– is an opening on the inner side of each ramus which lead into the mandibular canal for the mandibular nerve.
This nerve supplies a branch to each lower tooth.
Mandibular Foramen
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are cavities within the frontal bone that extend up into the squamous part forming the forehead. This may be absent or small or quite large or maybe larger than the other.
Frontal Sinuses
78
are paired cavities within some of the cranial and facial bones which have an openings into the nasal cavities and filled with air.
Their lining membranes are continuous with those of the nasal cavities. And because of their air content, PNS are seen as dark (translucent) shadows in films.
PARANASAL SINUSES
79
are large cavities in each maxilla that lie behind the soft tissue of the cheek and lateral to the nasal cavities.
Maxillary Sinuses (Antra of Highmore)
80
are groups of small cavities lying in the lateral wall of the nasal cavities on each side.
In films, they appear as multiple translucencies between the nasal fossae and orbits.
ETHMOID SINUSES
81
are two cavities on each side in the body of the Sphenoid bone. They lie under the Sella Turcica behind the nasal fossae and are visible on Open mouth view.
Sphenoid Sinuses
82
are special interlocking immovable joints between the cranial bones that looks like a saw teeth of one bone which fit into small indentations of the adjacent bones.
SUTURES OF THE SKULL
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– is the joint between the upper adjacent borders of the two parietal bones that extends from front to back along the midline of the vertex of the skull
Sagittal Suture
84
is the joint between the posterior border of the frontal bone and the anterior borders of the parietal bones.
They cross the roof/vertex of the skull transversely and meet the sagittal suture at right angle.
Coronal Suture
85
is the joint between the posterior borders of the two parietal bones and upper border of the occipital bone.
This forms a curved line on the posterior surface of the skull and meets the posterior end of the sagittal suture in the midline.
Lambdoidal Suture
86
forms the joint between the lateral borders of the parietal bone and the upper border of the temporal bone on each side.
This lies on the lateral wall of the skull above and behind the ear.
Squamosal Suture
87
lies at the junction of the two parietal bones with the frontal bone at the midline of the vertex.
Anterior or Frontal Fontanel
88
are gaps in the skull of infants between the angles formed at the junctions of the parietal, frontal and occipital bones.
Fontanels or Fontanelles
89
This is the junction of the coronal and sagittal suture called
“Bregma”.
90
is the small gap on the posterior surface of the skull at the junction of the two parietal bones with the occipital bone.
Posterior or Occipital Fontanel
91
It is the point where the sagittal suture meets the lambdoidal suture and becomes filled in with bone at about 6 months and is called
“Lambda”.
92
LAYERS OF THE CEREBRAL CRANIUM
1. OUTER TABLE/ OUTER COMPACT LAYER
2. DIPLOE
3. INNER COMPACT TABLE
93
is the spongy layer and is most bloody.
Diploe
94
is the outer covering of the brain.
Outer Table/ Outer Compact Layer
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is the inner layer covering of the brain.
Inner Compact Layer
