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RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Central Nervous System:

I. Central Nervous System
A. BRAIN

A

Cerebrum/Forebrain
a. (R) Cerebral Hemisphere
b. (L) Cerebral Hemisphere
c. Lobes of Cerebral Hemispheres
* Frontal Lobe
* Parietal Lobe
* Insula
* Occipital Lobe
d. Fissures of Cerebral Hemispheres
* Longitudinal Fissure
* Central Fissure
* Lateral Fissure
* Transverse Fissure

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2
Q

Parts of the Central Nervous System:

  1. Midbrain
A

a. Quadrigeminal bodies
b. Cerebral Peduncles

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3
Q

Parts of the Central Nervous System:

  1. Hindbrain
A

a. Pons
b. Cerebellum
c. Medulla Oblongata

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4
Q

Parts of the Central Nervous System:

B. SPINAL CORD

II. The Peripheral Nervous System

A

A. Cranial Nerves – 12
B. Spinal Nerves - 31
C. Autonomic Nervous System:
- Sympathetic or Thoracico-Lumbar
- Parasympathetic or Cranio-Sacral

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5
Q

III. Meninges or Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Dura Mater
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6
Q

IV. Ventricles or Cavities of the Brain

A
  1. Lateral Ventricles (2) – (L) & (R)
  2. Third Ventricle
  3. Fourth Ventricle
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7
Q

– is the unit structure of the Nervous system and consists of a cell body and two sets of processes:

A

Neuron or Nerve Cell

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8
Q

– which carry nerve impulses towards the cell body.

A

Dendrite

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9
Q

– which carry impulses away from the cell body.

A

Axon

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10
Q
  • is a nerve cell that conducts impulses towards or into the spinal cord to the brain. These impulses maybe sensations of heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain, or from the special sense organs; eyes – sight, ear- hearing, nose- smell or mouth – taste.
A

Sensory Neuron or Afferent Neuron

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11
Q

– carries impulses from the brain down to the spinal cord, or from the cord to muscles or secreting glands.

A

Motor Neuron or Efferent Neuron

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12
Q

– is the point of contact of Dendron of one Neuron with the Axon of another Neuron.

A

Synapse

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13
Q

– is a structure at the outer end of an axon or dendron.

A

End Organ

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14
Q

– is a complete circuit consisting of a sensory neuron, a connecting neuron and a motor neuron.

A

Reflex Arc

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15
Q

– A sensory neuron carries nerve impulses of pain or other sensation to the spinal cord.

A

Reflex Act

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16
Q

– is a group of cell bodies outside of the brain or spinal cord.

A

Ganglion

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17
Q

– is a group of nerve cell bodies inside of the brain or spinal cord.

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

– is a group of nerve cells concerned with some specific function.

A

Center

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19
Q

– a network of cell processes

A

Plexus

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20
Q

is enclosed by the Visceral Cranium which is consists of a large Cerebrum or Forebrain, Midbrain and a Hindbrain.

A

Brain

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21
Q

is a continuation of the brain stem and is contained within the spinal canal of the vertebrae.

A

Spinal cord

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22
Q

Occupies the entire visceral cranium except the posterior cranial fossa that contains centers for speech, hearing, smell, taste and sight and for interpretation for sensation.

A

CEREBRUM/FOREBRAIN

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23
Q

– is a deep fissure or groove that lies directly under the sagittal suture of the skull and passes from front to back. It divides the Cerebrum into 2 halves, the (R) Cerebral hemisphere and (L) cerebral hemisphere.

A

Longitudinal Fissure

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24
Q

Fibers pass across from one hemisphere to the other in the inferior part below the fissure to form the

A

“Corpus Callosum”.

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25
A fold of Dura mater, the outer brain covering called the ______- dips down into the longitudinal fissure.
“Falx Cerebri”
26
The outer surface of the Cerebrum appears gray as it is composed of nerve cell bodies. It is also thrown into ridges called “GYRI” or “CONVOLUTIONS” which are grooves or hollows between these ridges called
“Fissure” or “Sulci”.
27
– lies deep to the frontal bone on each side.
Frontal Lobe
28
– lies under the Parietal bone.
Parietal Lobe
29
– lies under the Temporal bone
Temporal Lobe
30
– lies under the Occipital bone.
Occipital Lobe
31
– lies deep in the brain substance.
Insula
32
– is a deep fissure or groove that lies under the sagittal suture of the skull.
Longitudinal Fissure
33
– lies between the frontal and parietal lobes on both sides.
Central Fissure
34
– lies between the frontal and parietal lobes above and below the Temporal lobe.
Lateral Fissure
35
– lies between the two occipital lobes and the Cerebellum below.
Transverse Fissure
36
Forms a small part of the brain that lies on the under surface and rest upon the Sphenoid bone.
MIDBRAIN
37
– which is seen on its undersurface and are composed of nerve fibers passing from the cerebrum to the hindbrain and spinal cord.
Cerebral Peduncles
38
– are four additional prominences on the upper surface of the Midbrain.
Quadrigeminal Bodies
39
Is the most caudal of the 3 primary brain vesicles that consists of the Pons, Cerebellum and Medulla Oblongata.
HINDBRAIN
40
– lies below the Midbrain, in front of the Cerebellum and above the Medulla which has a prominence in front due to nerve fibers passing from ½ of the Cerebellum to the other.
Pons
41
– is much larger and occupies the posterior cranial fossa, deep to the occipital bone and lies behind the Pons and are separated from the occipital lobe by the transverse fissure.
Cerebellum
42
– lies below the Pons just above the Foramen Magnum which has a nerve fiber passing through it and connecting the brain and spinal cord.
Medulla Oblongata
43
it is divided into (R) and (L) halves by anterior and posterior grooves and is composed of nerve cell bodies and of nerve processes extending up or down connecting the brain and the peripheral nerves.
SPINAL CORD
44
is a continuation of the Medulla and extends from the Foramen Magnum to the second lumbar (L2). The Spinal nerves below L2 are continued down as the “Cauda Equina” (Horse Tail).
SPINAL CORD
45
There are ____ of Spinal nerves leaving the spinal cord.
31 pairs
46
– passes out through an intervertebral foramen at each level on both sides.
Peripheral Nerves
47
Two Roots connecting the Spinal nerve to Spinal cord:
ANTERIOR ROOT DORSAL/POSTERIOR ROOT
48
– carries motor fibers.
Anterior Root
49
– are composed of sensory fibers.
Dorsal/Posterior Root
50
12 pairs having their centers in the Midbrain, Pons or Medulla Oblongata and are given off directly from the Brain. They pass out of the skull through the Foramina to end in the various structures of the head and neck. Some of these Cranial Nerves are Motor, some Sensory and some mixed--- Motor & Sensory.
CRANIAL NERVES
51
- are the coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord.
MENINGES
52
Three Layers of Meninges:
PIA MATER ARACHNOID DURA MATER
53
– is the inner covering and is closely applied to the outer surface of the Brain and Cord.
Pia Mater
54
2. Arachnoid – is the middle layer which does not dip down into the small fissures and are attached to the Pia Mater by webs of tissue alone.
Arachnoid
55
– is the space between the Pia Mater and the Arachnoid membrane where the CSF circulates.
Subarachnoid space
56
– is the tough other membrane forming the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord.
Dura Mater
57
– are two cavities, one on each side of the Cerebral hemisphere and lies under the Corpus Callosum that opens into the Third Ventricle.
(R) & (L) Lateral Ventricles
58
– lies in the midline of the Forebrain at a lower level above the Sella Turcica which has a narrow channel that passes down and back to connect with the fourth ventricle.
Third Ventricle
59
lies in the Hindbrain with the Pons and upper Medulla in front of the Cerebellum.
Fourth Ventricle
60
– are openings in the roof thin surface of the Cerebellum that communicate with the subarachnoid space and allow the CSF to pass out into the subarachnoid space.
Foramina of Luschka and Magendie
61
– are networks of veins in the root of each ventricle and may become calcified.
Choroid Plexus
62
– is a clear, colorless liquid formed from blood in the Choroid Plexus and secreted into the ventricles
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF
63
Controls the contraction and dilatation of hollow organs having involuntary muscles in their walls.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
64
– for contraction and dilatation
Pupils
65
– Digestive tract, bile duct and gall bladder, uterus and uterine tubes, male reproductive ducts, ureters, UB, bronchi and bronchioles.
Hollow organs
66
Two Parts/Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System”
1. Sympathetic (Thoraco-Lumbar) 2. Parasympathetic (Cranio-Sacral)
67
– a series of Ganglia or groups of cell bodies that lie on each side of the vertebral column from the skull to the coccyx. These are:
Sympathetic Ganglia A. Three Cervical Ganglia on each side B. Ten to Twelve Thoracic on each side C. Four Lumbar on each side D. Four to Five Sacral
68
– are chains of nerve fibers connecting these Ganglia
Sympathetic Trunks
69
– lie in the lateral parts of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
Centers for Sympathetic System
70
– are axons from these centers that pass out with the spinal nerves to reach the Sympathetic Ganglia.
Pre-ganglionic Fibers
71
– are axons which pass from the Sympathetic ganglia out in one of two ways:
Post-ganglionic Fibers
72
– are the three large plexuses of nerve fibers: 1. Cardiac above the heart. 2. Celiac behind the stomach where celiac artery begins. 3. Hypogastric in the lower abdomen.
Plexus/Plexuses
73
supplies nerve fibers to many of the same structures as the Sympathetic, particularly the Viscera. These fibers produce opposite reactions to those induced by stimulation of the sympathetic fibers
Parasympathetic or Cranio-Sacral Nervous System
74
– absence of brain structures.
Anencephaly
75
an inflammation of the Meninges or the covering the brain and cord.
Meningitis
76
– a disease in which the motor cell bodies in the anterior part of the spinal cord are affected and sometimes destroyed. If destroyed, this results in a paralysis of the muscles controlled by the axons and the extent depends upon the number of cells destroyed.
Poliomyelitis
77
Large head, often due to block in the holes in the roof of the Fourth ventricle
Hydrocephalus

RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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