REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS Flashcards by Kate Shanley Advincula

The Upper extremity is called the “Upper Limb” that includes:

The Shoulder
Arm/Humerus/Brachium
Forearm/ Antebrachium
Wrist
Hand

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– is a flat triangular bone lying against the upper, lateral, posterior chest wall.

SCAPULA or SHOULDER BLADE

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The Shoulder has two bones forming the Shoulder Girdle:

Scapula
Clavicle

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– is flat and triangular which has Three Borders:

Body of the Scapula

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– the inner border that lies close to the vertebral column.

Vertebral or Medial Border

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– is the short upper border which has a depression on the lateral end called “Scapular Notch

Upper or Superior Border

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– is the inner end at its junction with the vertebral border.

Medial or Superior Angle

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– is the outer border that lies behind and close to the armpit.

Axillary or Lateral Border

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– is the rounded lower end of the body of the scapula.

Inferior Angle

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– is a narrow ridge or crest of bone that projects back from the posterior surface of the body. It passes transversely from the medial to the lateral border.

This divides the posterior surface of the scapular body into the “Supraspinatus fossa” and “Infraspinatus fossa”.

Spine of the Scapula/Scapular spine

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– is a flat rounded bony prominence continuous with the lateral end of the spine of the scapula.

Acromion

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– is a beak-like projection of bone continuous with and projecting forward from the neck of the scapula.

Coracoid Process

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– is the thickened, slightly constricted part from the body.

Neck of Scapula

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– is a poorly defined slightly expanded part lateral to the neck.

Head of Scapula

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– is an oval depression on the outer surface of the head, somewhat cup-shaped. This accommodates the head of the humerus, forming the shoulder joint.

Glenoid Cavity

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PARTS OF THE SCAPULA

BODY OF THE SCAPULA
SPINE OF THE SCAPULA/SCAPULAR SPINE
ACROMION
HEAD OF SCAPULA
NECK OF SCAPULA
GLENOID CAVITY
CORACOID PROCESS

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ANGLES OF SCAPULA

MEDIAL OR SUPERIOR ANGLE
INFERIOR ANGLE

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-is a long cylindrical bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow joint.

HUMERUS/ARM/BRACHIUM

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is a long slender bone resembling somewhat an old fashion key. It has a double curve or depression called the “Supra and Infra Clavicular fossa that lies horizontally in front of the upper thorax.

CLAVICLE

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Parts of the Humerus:

HEAD OF HUMERUS
ANATOMICAL NECK
GREATER TUBERCLE/TUBERCULUM MAJUS
LESSER TUBERCLE/TUBERCULUM MINOR
SURGICAL NECK
SHAFT/BODY/DIAPYSIS
DELTOID TUBERCLE/DELTOID TUBEROSITY
TROCHLEA/PULLEY
CAPITILUM/CAPITELLUM
CORONOID FOSSA
OLECRANON FOSSA
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
LATERAL EPICONDYLE

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– is the smooth, expanded, rounded upper end that articulate with the Glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the “Shoulder joint”.

Head of the Humerus

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– is the slightly constricted, obliquely directed part adjacent to the head.

Anatomical Neck

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– is a small bony prominence on the front of the upper humerus just below the anatomical neck.

Lesser Tubercle/Tuberculum Minor

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– is the large rounded bony prominence on the upper, lateral border just below the anatomical neck.
It has a small depression for the insertion of the Spinatus muscle.

Greater Tubercle/Tuberculum Majus

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– is the constricted part of the upper humerus below the tubercles. It is called surgical neck as fracture may occur in this area especially in elderly.

Surgical Neck

– is the long-rounded part that becomes flattened from front to back as it approaches the elbow.

Shaft/Body/Diaphysis

– is a rough prominence on the front or anterior surface above the midpoint of the humerus into which the Deltoid muscle inserts.

Deltoid Tubercle/Deltoid Tuberosity

– is that part on the distal end of the humerus that articulate with the semi-lunar notch of the ulna.

Trochlea/Pulley

– is a depression on the front of the humerus immediately above the trochlea. * The Coronoid process of the ulna fits into this fossa when the forearm is flexed

Coronoid Fossa

– is a small rounded prominence also on the lower end of the humerus that lies on the outer or lateral side of the trochlea.

Capitulum/Capitellum

– is a depression on the back or posterior surface of the humerus above the trochlea into which the olecranon fits when the forearm is extended

Olecranon Fossa

– is a similar bony prominence on the outer border of the lower humerus.

Lateral Epicondyle

– is a knuckle-like rounded bony prominence on the medial border of the lower humerus above the trochlea.

Medial Epicondyle

– is the constricted part immediately below the head.

Neck

Has two long bones, the Radius and Ulna which extend from the elbow to the wrist.

FOREARM/ANTEBRACHIUM

Parts of the RADIUS:

HEAD NECK RADIAL TUBEROSITY SHAFT/BODY/DIAPHYSIS STYLOID PROCESS ULNAR NOTCH LOWER ARTICULAR SURFACE

– become gradually larger as it approaches the wrist joint.

Shaft/Body/Diaphysis

– is the upper expanded disc-like end that articulate with the capitulum of the humerus.

Head

– is a prominence below the neck on the antero-medial border.

Radial Tuberosity

– is a large bony prominence on the outer or lateral border and distal end of the radius.

Styloid Process

– is a depression on the inner border of the lower radius just above its lower end. The outer border of the head of the ulna fits into this notch.

Ulnar Notch

– is large and forms the wrist joint along with the proximal carpal bones.

Lower Articular Surface

Parts of the ULNA:

Olecranon Coronoid Process Semi-lunar Notch/Trochlear Notch Radial Notch Shaft of the Ulna 6. Head of Ulna 7. Styloid Process

– is the blunt rounded upper end of the ulna that lies behind the elbow joint and forms the tip of the elbow. Tip of the Olecranon fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the forearm is extended.

Olecranon

- forms a beak-like projection from the anterior surface of the ulna below and in front of the olecranon. * Coronoid process fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus when the forearm is flexed.

Coronoid Process

– is a small half-moon-shaped, concave hollow on the front of the upper ulna. This accommodates the trochlea of the humerus.

Semi-lunar Notch/Trochlear Notch

– is a small hollow or concavity on the outer or lateral border of the semi-lunar notch of the ulna. * The inner border of the head of the radius fits into this notch.

Radial Notch

– is it’s lower, expanded end and can be felt through the skin.

Head of Ulna

– is somewhat rounded and becomes smaller as it approaches the wrist.

Shaft of the Ulna

– is a very small bony prominence extending down from the postero-medial border of the head.

Styloid Process

Carpal Bones in the Proximal Row (from thumb side)

* Navicular/Scaphoid * Lunate or Semi-Lunar * Triangular or Triquetral/Triquetrum * Pisiform

includes the bones of the wrist or carpus, the bones of the palm or metacarpals and the bones of the digits—phalanges

HAND or MANUS

– have eight carpal bones. Four of them form a proximal row adjacent to the lower end of the radius. The other four form a distal row adjacent to the metacarpal bones.

WRIST or CARPUS

Carpal Bones in the Distal Row (from thumb side)

* Greater Multangular or Trapezium * Lesser Multangular or Trapezoid * Capitate or Os Magnum/Capitatum * Hamate/Unciform

– boat-shaped. This is frequently fractured in injuries to the wrist because its blood supply is poor.

Navicular/Scaphoid

- pea-shaped bone - lies in front of the triangular bone. It is the smallest among the proximal carpal bones. In x-ray of the wrist (PA), this will show its image superimposed upon that of the triangular bone.

Pisiform

- moon-shaped bone.

Lunate

- has a hook-like process arising from its front or anterior surface---- the “Hamulus”.

Hamate

which form the bony framework of the palm. They are named from the thumb side as the first, second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones.

FIVE metacarpal bones

– articulate with the small Pisiform Anteriorly and is pyramid is shape.

Triquetrum

– is also called articulation or Arthrosis which is the point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth.

Joint

There are FOURTEEN __________. The thumb has only two phalanges: proximal and distal or terminal phalanx. Each of the other digits or fingers has three phalanges: proximal, middle and distal phalanx.

PHALANGES/PHALANX

Classifications of Articulation or Joints:

1. Diarthrotic/Diarthrosis/Synovial 2. Ampiarthrotic/Ampiarthrosis 3. Synarthrotic/Synarthrosis or Fibrous Joint

– is a freely movable joint.

Diarthrotic/Diarthrosis/Synovial

Types of Synovial Joints:

A. Ball & Socket – Hip & Shoulder B. Condyloid joint- Mandible to Temporal C. Gliding – Wrist, ankle, vertebrae D. Hinge – Elbow & Phalanges E. Pivot – Atlas to Axis/Radius to Ulna F. Saddle – Carpals

– partially/slightly movable joint.

Ampiarthrotic/Ampiarthrosis

– cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.

Synchondrosis

– cartilaginous joint in which the end of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bone

Symphysis

– are immovable joints. Joint in which no movement takes place.

Synarthrotic/Synarthrosis or Fibrous Joint

Types of Fibrous Joint:

1. Suture of Skull 2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphosis

Sterno-Clavicular joint:

a. Clavicular notch of sternum b. Inner end of the clavicle

JOINTS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Sterno-Clavicular joint: Acromio-Clavicular joint: Shoulder joint: Elbow joint: Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint: Distal Radio-Ulnar joint: Wrist joint: Inter-carpal joints: Carpo-Metacarpal joints: Proximal Inter-phalangeal joint: Distal Inter-phalangeal joint:

Shoulder joint:

a. Glenoid cavity of the scapula b. Head of the humerus

Acromio-Clavicular joint:

a. Acromion of scapula b. Outer end of the clavicle

Elbow joint:

a. Trochlea of the humerus b. Capitulum of the humerus c. Semi-lunar notch of the ulna d. Head of the radius

Distal Radio-Ulnar joint:

a. Lateral border, head of ulna. b. Ulnar notch of radius on the medial border

Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint:

a. Medial border, head of the radius b. Radial notch, on the lateral border of the ulna.

Wrist joint:

a. Distal articular surface of radius b. Navicular, lunate, triangular bones.

Inter-carpal joints:

a. Between the adjacent margins of all carpal bones

Carpo-Metacarpal joints:

a. Distal row of the carpal bones b. Bases of the five metacarpal bones

– one or both upper limbs maybe absent.

Abrachium

Proximal Inter-phalangeal joint:

a. Heads or distal ends of the proximal phalanges b. Bases of the middle phalanges

Distal Inter-phalangeal joint:

a. Heads or distal ends of middle phalanges b. Bases of the distal or terminal phalanges

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

1. Abrachium 2. Supernumerary Digits 3. Sprengel’s Deformity 4. Madelung’s Deformity

– there is curvature of the shaft of the radius resulting in its distal articular surface lying obliquely.

Madelung’s Deformity

– extra digits present from the normal five digits.

Supernumerary Digits

– there is elevation and deformity of the scapula

Sprengel’s Deformity

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