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review exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

True concerning arachidonic acid

A

It is found in cell membrane of all tissue cells

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2
Q

Faldo arachidonic acid

A

Soluble in bloodProteinAspirin will inhibit it’s release from cell membrane

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3
Q

True prostaglandins

A
  1. Synthesized in the cell only when needed 2. Can cause fevers, inflammation, and induce labor3. Synthesized from arachidonic acid 4. Acts like a hormones
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4
Q

False prostaglandins

A

Synthesized only in the liverThey have physiological activity only in large amounts

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5
Q

Affected by prostaglandins

A
  1. Inflammatory response 2. Stimulation of uterine contractions3. Reduction of gastric secretions 4. Production of fevers5. Some raise BP while others Lower 6. Some induce blood clotting others inhibit
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6
Q

Drug that inhibits phospholipase (Thus prevents arachidonic acid from being hydrolyzed from the phospholipid)

A

Cortisone

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7
Q

Drug that inhibits both cyclooxygenase enzymes

A

Aspirin

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8
Q

Drug that inhibits only the COX2 enzyme Thus it is an anti inflammatory, but does not affect the stomach

A

Celebrex VIOXX

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9
Q

True cell membranes

A
  1. Bilayer with hydrophilic end on outside2. Cell membranes, used for protection will have greater amounts of lipids than protein3. Contains protein channels allows small polar molecules to move through4. Major component is phospholipid
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10
Q

False cell membrane

A

Prevents lipids like steroids from moving through

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11
Q

True cholesterol

A
  1. Found in brain, function unclear2. Not found in plants3. Basic component four rings fused together4. Excess carbs in the diet can be converts to cholesterol 5. Found in most cell membranes6. Can precipitate out gallstones
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12
Q

False cholesterol

A
  1. Body cannot make cholesterol2. Needs vitamin D for it’s synthesis
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13
Q

NOT synthesized from cholesterol

A
  1. Oxytocin2. Prothrombin
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14
Q

Synthesized from cholesterol

A
  1. Vitamin D2. Estrogen3. Cortisol4. Bile salts
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15
Q

Galactose

A

Protein channel to move into cell

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16
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

Can move through cell membrane

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17
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Cannot get into

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18
Q

Amino acid

A

Protein channel to move into cell

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19
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Can move right through cell membrane

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20
Q

Insulin

A

Cannot get into cell

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21
Q

Cholesterol

A

Can move right through cell membrane

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22
Q

Glycogen

A

Cannot get into cell

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23
Q

Not purpose of fat

A

Very quick energy

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24
Q

Purpose of fat

A
  1. Insulation2. Protection of vital organs3. Provide energy after glycogen reserves are gone
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25
Q

True about LDL’s

A
  1. Contain serum globulins2. High levels of LDLs are associated with cardiovascular disease
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26
Q

False about LDL’s

A
  1. Healthy adults should have a high LDL value2. Transport cholesterol from cell to liver 3. Have low density because more protein than lipids
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27
Q

True salt bridges

A
  1. Between two chains of a enzyme 2. Affected by pH changes
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28
Q

False salt bridges

A
  1. Strongest tertiary interaction (disulfide)2. Found in proteins secondary structure3. Involved in hair permanents
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29
Q

Form salt bridge with arginine

A

Aspartic acid

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30
Q

Hydrogen bond with serine

A
  1. Aspartic acid2. Lysine3. Asparagine4. Water5. Ethanol
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31
Q

Replaced MOST often

A

Enzymes

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32
Q

Strongest structure

A

Triple helixes

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33
Q

Replaced least often

A

Collagen

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34
Q

Water soluble

A
  1. Globular proteins2. Disaccharide 3. Lactose4. Triose5. Ethanol
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35
Q

Not water soluble

A
  1. Oils2. Steroids3. Fatty acid4. Prostaglandin5. Triglyceride
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36
Q

Actin

A

Muscle fiber

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37
Q

Casein

A

Milk protein

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38
Q

Elastin

A

Connective tissue like artery wall

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39
Q

Ferritin

A

Store Fe in spleen

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40
Q

Lysozyme

A

Destroys bacteria’s cell wall

41
Q

Fibroin

42
Q

Electrophoresis TRUE

A
  1. A.A is at IE will not move2. All A.A. Can be neutral, positive, negative, dependent on solvent used3. If a solvent with a pH 6.0 is used, lysine will move to the negative electrode4. When solvent has PH of 6.0 none of nonpolar a.a will move5. pH 2.0 tyrosine will move to negative electrode
43
Q

Milk has pH of 6.4 Casein IE 4.6TRUE

A
  1. pH of 6.4 casein will remain in solution2. Insoluble casein is called curds3. Bacteria in sour milk will produce lactic acid, so sour milk will have pH below 6.4
44
Q

Milk has pH of 6.4 Casein IE 4.6FALSE

A
  1. pH 4.6 casein will be most soluble2. Casein is an enzyme
45
Q

True of collagen

A
  1. Found in tendons, teeth, bone 2. Most abundant proteins in humans3. Involved in tanning of hides 4. Jello partially hydrolyzed collagen
46
Q

False collagen

A

Strength is due to B sheets

47
Q

Hydrogen bonding of C=O with N-H of amide bond

48
Q

Salt bridges

49
Q

B sheets

50
Q

Four subunits in immunoglobulins

51
Q

Alpha helix

52
Q

Disulfide bond

53
Q

amide linkages

54
Q

Hydrogen bonding of side chains

55
Q

Triple helix in collagens three separate chains

56
Q

True blood proteins

A
  1. Serum albumins are used to maintain osmotic pressure2. Immunoglobulins are also called antibodies3. Serum globulins form complexes LDL and HDL4. Most blood proteins are synthesized in the liver5. Albumen transport fatty acids
57
Q

False blood proteins

A
  1. In an emergency proteins in the blood are used for energy2. Fibrinogen concentrations is always constant
58
Q

Where would you find covalent bonding

A

Disulfide bonds

Peptide bond linking two amino acids

Irreversible inhibition

59
Q

No covalent bonding

A

Substrate- enzyme interaction

Competitive inhibition

Allosteric activation

60
Q

True trypsinogen and trypsin

A

Trypsin has catalytic ability while trypsinogen does not

The substrate for trypsin is a protein

61
Q

False trypsinogen and trypsin

A
  1. Trypsin is a protein while trypsinogen is not
  2. Trypsin is a larger protein
  3. Both have catalytic ability but not for the same substrate
  4. Found in the stomach
  5. Trypsin optimum pH is 2
62
Q

Vasopressin has amino acid sequence TRUE

Cys-tyr-phe-gln-asn-Cys-pro-leu-gln

A
  1. Nonapeptide
  2. Similar function to aldoaterone
  3. Inhibited by alcohol
  4. Form an internal disulfide bone
63
Q

Vasopressin has amino acid sequence FALSE

Cys-tyr-phe-gln-asn-Cys-pro-leu-gln

A
  1. Increase the amount of water retained by the kidney

2. Used to induce labor

64
Q

TRUE denaturing a protein

A
  1. Secondary structure might be changed
  2. Can be caused by heat or chemicals or heavy metals
  3. Permanent at high temps
  4. Permanent at high or low pH
65
Q

FALSE denaturing proteins

A
  1. Primary structure might be altered

2. Always reversible

66
Q

TRUE acetylcholine

A
  1. Ester linkage
  2. Deficiency in the brain is involved with Alzheimer’s
  3. Neurotransmitter
  4. A molecule that blocks the receptor site on a muscle can be used as a muscle relaxant
67
Q

FALSE acetylcholine

A
  1. Cannot be hydrolyzed

2. Cannot be synthesized by the body

68
Q

TRUE acetylcholineesterase

A
  1. Hydrolyzed acetylcholine
  2. Permanently inhibited by nerve gas
  3. If inhibited can cause over stimulation of muscles, convulsions, death
  4. One treatment of Alzheimer’s disease inhibits this enzyme
  5. Incredibly fast turnover rate
69
Q

FALSE acetylcholinesterase

A
  1. Used to convert choline and acetate (acetic acid) to acetylcholine
  2. Inhibited by botulism
70
Q

True curare

A
  1. Small quantities it can be used as a muscle relaxant
  2. Competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine
  3. Cause paralysis and death
71
Q

False curare

A
  1. Inactivates acetylcholinesterase

2. Inhibits release of acetylcholine from original nerve ending

72
Q

True non competitive inhibitors

A
  1. Binds at a site other than substrates active site

2. Allosteric enzyme inhibitors are examples

73
Q

False noncompetitive inhibitors

A
  1. inhibitor resembles the substrate
  2. Can be reversed by adding more substrate
  3. Example is ethanol as antidote for methanol poisoning
74
Q

Original injury will cause formation of

A

Thromboplastin

75
Q

Compound causes conversion fibrinogen to fibrin

76
Q

Actual blood clot

77
Q

Destroys blood clot when no longer needed

78
Q

Found in blood plasma but not blood serum

A

Fibrinogen

79
Q

Three things needed for prothrombin to be concerted active enzyme

A

Thromboplastin

Calcium ions

Vitamin k

80
Q

When a clot moves within blood vessel

81
Q

Anticoagulant which is found in small quantities in the blood

82
Q

Prescription drug given to patients after heart attacks as a blood thinner

83
Q

Precipitates calcium ions thus preventing blood clotting

A

Citric acid

84
Q

Found in broccoli and spinach

85
Q

Reacts with hydrolase enzymes in the body

A
  1. Polysaccharides
  2. Sunflower oil
  3. Beef fat
  4. Insulin
86
Q

Would NOT react with hydrolase enzymes in the body

A
  1. Glycerol. 2. Testosterone 3. Prostaglandins. 4. Fatty acid. 5. Estrogen
87
Q

Affect activity of ALL enzymes

A

1 pH
2 temperature
3. Substrate saturation
4. Genetic control to increase concentration of the enzyme

88
Q

Change in temp graph

A

Upside down U

89
Q

Concentration of enzymes (assume excess substrate)

A

Linear graph

90
Q

Concentration of substrate (enzyme concentration remains constant)

A

Increase then level graph

91
Q

Change in pH

A

Upside down U graph

92
Q

TRUE lead poisoning

A
  1. Can cause mental retardation
  2. Acute lead poisoning antidote is to give egg whites to complex with lead then pump stomach
    3 noncompetitive inhibition found in places where lead paint is used
93
Q

FALSE lead poisoning

A
  1. Always irreversible

2. Comes from eating too much fish

94
Q

Enzymes would be synthesized first as a zymogen

A

Protein digesting enzymes

Blood clotting enzymes

95
Q

Has physiological activity (without adding any other group)!

A

Holo enzyme

96
Q

Inactive protein part (without cofactors) of an enzyme

97
Q

What is the cofactors plus the protein part called

A

Holoenzyme

98
Q

What is the cofactors that is organic but not a protein called

Biochem (27 decks)

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