review exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
True concerning arachidonic acid
A
It is found in cell membrane of all tissue cells
2
Q
Faldo arachidonic acid
A
Soluble in bloodProteinAspirin will inhibit it’s release from cell membrane
3
Q
True prostaglandins
A
- Synthesized in the cell only when needed 2. Can cause fevers, inflammation, and induce labor3. Synthesized from arachidonic acid 4. Acts like a hormones
4
Q
False prostaglandins
A
Synthesized only in the liverThey have physiological activity only in large amounts
5
Q
Affected by prostaglandins
A
- Inflammatory response 2. Stimulation of uterine contractions3. Reduction of gastric secretions 4. Production of fevers5. Some raise BP while others Lower 6. Some induce blood clotting others inhibit
6
Q
Drug that inhibits phospholipase (Thus prevents arachidonic acid from being hydrolyzed from the phospholipid)
A
Cortisone
7
Q
Drug that inhibits both cyclooxygenase enzymes
A
Aspirin
8
Q
Drug that inhibits only the COX2 enzyme Thus it is an anti inflammatory, but does not affect the stomach
A
Celebrex VIOXX
9
Q
True cell membranes
A
- Bilayer with hydrophilic end on outside2. Cell membranes, used for protection will have greater amounts of lipids than protein3. Contains protein channels allows small polar molecules to move through4. Major component is phospholipid
10
Q
False cell membrane
A
Prevents lipids like steroids from moving through
11
Q
True cholesterol
A
- Found in brain, function unclear2. Not found in plants3. Basic component four rings fused together4. Excess carbs in the diet can be converts to cholesterol 5. Found in most cell membranes6. Can precipitate out gallstones
12
Q
False cholesterol
A
- Body cannot make cholesterol2. Needs vitamin D for it’s synthesis
13
Q
NOT synthesized from cholesterol
A
- Oxytocin2. Prothrombin
14
Q
Synthesized from cholesterol
A
- Vitamin D2. Estrogen3. Cortisol4. Bile salts
15
Q
Galactose
A
Protein channel to move into cell
16
Q
Carbon dioxide
A
Can move through cell membrane
17
Q
Polysaccharide
A
Cannot get into
18
Q
Amino acid
A
Protein channel to move into cell
19
Q
Steroid hormone
A
Can move right through cell membrane
20
Q
Insulin
A
Cannot get into cell
21
Q
Cholesterol
A
Can move right through cell membrane
22
Q
Glycogen
A
Cannot get into cell
23
Q
Not purpose of fat
A
Very quick energy
24
Q
Purpose of fat
A
- Insulation2. Protection of vital organs3. Provide energy after glycogen reserves are gone
25
True about LDL's
1. Contain serum globulins2. High levels of LDLs are associated with cardiovascular disease
26
False about LDL's
1. Healthy adults should have a high LDL value2. Transport cholesterol from cell to liver 3. Have low density because more protein than lipids
27
True salt bridges
1. Between two chains of a enzyme 2. Affected by pH changes
28
False salt bridges
1. Strongest tertiary interaction (disulfide)2. Found in proteins secondary structure3. Involved in hair permanents
29
Form salt bridge with arginine
Aspartic acid
30
Hydrogen bond with serine
1. Aspartic acid2. Lysine3. Asparagine4. Water5. Ethanol
31
Replaced MOST often
Enzymes
32
Strongest structure
Triple helixes
33
Replaced least often
Collagen
34
Water soluble
1. Globular proteins2. Disaccharide 3. Lactose4. Triose5. Ethanol
35
Not water soluble
1. Oils2. Steroids3. Fatty acid4. Prostaglandin5. Triglyceride
36
Actin
Muscle fiber
37
Casein
Milk protein
38
Elastin
Connective tissue like artery wall
39
Ferritin
Store Fe in spleen
40
Lysozyme
Destroys bacteria's cell wall
41
Fibroin
Silk
42
Electrophoresis TRUE
1. A.A is at IE will not move2. All A.A. Can be neutral, positive, negative, dependent on solvent used3. If a solvent with a pH 6.0 is used, lysine will move to the negative electrode4. When solvent has PH of 6.0 none of nonpolar a.a will move5. pH 2.0 tyrosine will move to negative electrode
43
Milk has pH of 6.4 Casein IE 4.6TRUE
1. pH of 6.4 casein will remain in solution2. Insoluble casein is called curds3. Bacteria in sour milk will produce lactic acid, so sour milk will have pH below 6.4
44
Milk has pH of 6.4 Casein IE 4.6FALSE
1. pH 4.6 casein will be most soluble2. Casein is an enzyme
45
True of collagen
1. Found in tendons, teeth, bone 2. Most abundant proteins in humans3. Involved in tanning of hides 4. Jello partially hydrolyzed collagen
46
False collagen
Strength is due to B sheets
47
Hydrogen bonding of C=O with N-H of amide bond
2
48
Salt bridges
3
49
B sheets
2
50
Four subunits in immunoglobulins
4
51
Alpha helix
2
52
Disulfide bond
3
53
amide linkages
1
54
Hydrogen bonding of side chains
3
55
Triple helix in collagens three separate chains
4
56
True blood proteins
1. Serum albumins are used to maintain osmotic pressure2. Immunoglobulins are also called antibodies3. Serum globulins form complexes LDL and HDL4. Most blood proteins are synthesized in the liver5. Albumen transport fatty acids
57
False blood proteins
1. In an emergency proteins in the blood are used for energy2. Fibrinogen concentrations is always constant
58
Where would you find covalent bonding
Disulfide bonds
Peptide bond linking two amino acids
Irreversible inhibition
59
No covalent bonding
Substrate- enzyme interaction
Competitive inhibition
Allosteric activation
60
True trypsinogen and trypsin
Trypsin has catalytic ability while trypsinogen does not
The substrate for trypsin is a protein
61
False trypsinogen and trypsin
1. Trypsin is a protein while trypsinogen is not
2. Trypsin is a larger protein
3. Both have catalytic ability but not for the same substrate
4. Found in the stomach
5. Trypsin optimum pH is 2
62
Vasopressin has amino acid sequence TRUE
Cys-tyr-phe-gln-asn-Cys-pro-leu-gln
1. Nonapeptide
2. Similar function to aldoaterone
3. Inhibited by alcohol
4. Form an internal disulfide bone
63
Vasopressin has amino acid sequence FALSE
Cys-tyr-phe-gln-asn-Cys-pro-leu-gln
1. Increase the amount of water retained by the kidney
| 2. Used to induce labor
64
TRUE denaturing a protein
1. Secondary structure might be changed
2. Can be caused by heat or chemicals or heavy metals
4. Permanent at high temps
5. Permanent at high or low pH
65
FALSE denaturing proteins
1. Primary structure might be altered
| 2. Always reversible
66
TRUE acetylcholine
1. Ester linkage
2. Deficiency in the brain is involved with Alzheimer's
3. Neurotransmitter
4. A molecule that blocks the receptor site on a muscle can be used as a muscle relaxant
67
FALSE acetylcholine
1. Cannot be hydrolyzed
| 2. Cannot be synthesized by the body
68
TRUE acetylcholineesterase
1. Hydrolyzed acetylcholine
2. Permanently inhibited by nerve gas
3. If inhibited can cause over stimulation of muscles, convulsions, death
4. One treatment of Alzheimer's disease inhibits this enzyme
5. Incredibly fast turnover rate
69
FALSE acetylcholinesterase
1. Used to convert choline and acetate (acetic acid) to acetylcholine
2. Inhibited by botulism
70
True curare
1. Small quantities it can be used as a muscle relaxant
2. Competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine
3. Cause paralysis and death
71
False curare
1. Inactivates acetylcholinesterase
| 2. Inhibits release of acetylcholine from original nerve ending
72
True non competitive inhibitors
1. Binds at a site other than substrates active site
| 2. Allosteric enzyme inhibitors are examples
73
False noncompetitive inhibitors
1. inhibitor resembles the substrate
2. Can be reversed by adding more substrate
3. Example is ethanol as antidote for methanol poisoning
74
Original injury will cause formation of
Thromboplastin
75
Compound causes conversion fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
76
Actual blood clot
Fibrin
77
Destroys blood clot when no longer needed
Plasmin
78
Found in blood plasma but not blood serum
Fibrinogen
79
Three things needed for prothrombin to be concerted active enzyme
Thromboplastin
Calcium ions
Vitamin k
80
When a clot moves within blood vessel
Embolism
81
Anticoagulant which is found in small quantities in the blood
Heparin
82
Prescription drug given to patients after heart attacks as a blood thinner
Coumadin
83
Precipitates calcium ions thus preventing blood clotting
Citric acid
84
Found in broccoli and spinach
Vitamin k
85
Reacts with hydrolase enzymes in the body
1. Polysaccharides
2. Sunflower oil
3. Beef fat
4. Insulin
86
Would NOT react with hydrolase enzymes in the body
1. Glycerol. 2. Testosterone 3. Prostaglandins. 4. Fatty acid. 5. Estrogen
87
Affect activity of ALL enzymes
1 pH
2 temperature
3. Substrate saturation
4. Genetic control to increase concentration of the enzyme
88
Change in temp graph
Upside down U
89
Concentration of enzymes (assume excess substrate)
Linear graph
90
Concentration of substrate (enzyme concentration remains constant)
Increase then level graph
91
Change in pH
Upside down U graph
92
TRUE lead poisoning
1. Can cause mental retardation
2. Acute lead poisoning antidote is to give egg whites to complex with lead then pump stomach
3 noncompetitive inhibition found in places where lead paint is used
93
FALSE lead poisoning
1. Always irreversible
| 2. Comes from eating too much fish
94
Enzymes would be synthesized first as a zymogen
Protein digesting enzymes
Blood clotting enzymes
95
Has physiological activity (without adding any other group)!
Holo enzyme
96
Inactive protein part (without cofactors) of an enzyme
Apoenzyme
97
What is the cofactors plus the protein part called
Holoenzyme
98
What is the cofactors that is organic but not a protein called
Coenzymes
