metabolism 2 Flashcards
the enzyme in step 4 of the krebs cycle is an allosteric enzyme with sites for ATP, ADP and NADH which of them would activate the enzyme
ADP
excess ADP means cell cell has used up ATP
needs more, Krebs cycle will speed up
which part produces the most CO2
Krebs cycle
actually uses O2 molecules
electron transport
occurs only in the cytoplasm
glycolysis
can occur in anaerobic conditions
glycolysis
converts FADH2 to FAD
electron transfer
where oxidative phosphorylation takes place
electron transfer
assuming oxygen is available, which can be converted into the most ATP
one NADH in the mitochondria
which can produces the most ATP per glucose molecule
glucose metabolism in the liver under aerobic conditions
RBCs have no mitochondria, can only do glycolysis
fermentation is always anaerobic
in aerobic oxidation of glucose, approximately what % of energy is stored as ATP
40%
36ATP x 7.5 kcal/mole =270 kcal
270/686 = 40%
in anaerobic oxidation of glucose, approximately what % energy is stored as ATP
2%
2ATP x 7.5 kcal
15/686 = 2%
which is the highest energy compound CO2 NADH NAD FAD
NADH
only compound with hydrogens
highest energy
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2COOH
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)
3 CO2
CH3CH2CH3
least amount of oxygens
most hydrogest
lowest energy
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2COOH
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)
3 CO2
3 CO2
what is the primary source of energy for the following cells
red blood cells
blood glucose
what is the primary source of energy for the following cells
resting muscle
fatty acids
what is the primary source of energy for the following cells
liver
fatty acids
what is the primary source of energy for the following cells
brain during healthy eating
blood glucose
what is the primary source of energy for the following cells
muscle during strenuous activity
glycogen
brain during 24 hour starvation
ketone bodies
metabolism of glycerol starts in the
glycolysis
TRUE concerning mitochondria
- -a cell must do alot of work will have more than one that doesn’t
- -a cell can produce more mitochondria if it needs to do more work
FALSE mitochondria
- all cells have the same number of mitochondria
2. all cells have mitochondria
brown fat helps
maintain body temperature of mitochondria than typical fat
brown fat is found in
mammals who adapt to cold climates
brown fat contains
more mitochondria than typical fats
brown fat provides
more body heat, by producing less ATP
if there is no oxygen present, which processes can occur
- glycolysis
2. glycogenloysis
NADH & FADH2 are ultimately reoxidized (in electron transport chain) by
O2
coronary thrombosis oxygen is
cut off from the heart muscle
coronary thrombosis TRUE
glycolysis will increase
coronary thrombosis (what will build up)
lactic acid will build up
coronary thrombosis ____ will occur
acidosis will occur
which has higher energy
NADH
NAD
NADH
which has higher energy
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
glucose
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
which has higher energy
AMP
ADP
ADP
which has higher energy
Succinic acid
succinyl CoA
Succinyl CoA
which has higher energy
fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate
NOT true of ketone bodies
synthesized by all cell
too much ketone bodies in the blood can
cause ketosis
2 out of 3 ketone bodies are
acids, they can lead to acidosis
ketone bodies are synthesized
by the liver
ketone bodies TRUE
brain cells main source of energy during starvation
pyruvate to acetyl CoA is
oxidation
decarboxylation
synthesis
how many ATPs can be produced
6 NADH (cytoplasm)
12 ATP
how many ATPs can be produced
4 NADH
12 ATP
how many ATPs can be produced
4 NAD
0 ATP
how many ATPs can be produced
3 FADH2
6 ATP
how many ATPs can be produced
3 GTP
3 ATP
how many CO2
produced from the complete aerobic oxidation of 4 acetyl- CoAs
8 CO2
how many ATP
produced from the complete aerobic oxidation of 4 acetyl- CoAs
48
4 x12
How many ATP are produced from the anaerobic oxidation of 9 glucose molecules
18
How many NADH are generated when 5 glucose molecules are converted to ethanol in fermentation
no NADH
they are converted back to NAD in step 12
complete aerobic oxidation of 5 pyruvic acids will produce
CO2
15 CO2
complete aerobic oxidation of 5 pyruvic acids will produce
ATP
75 ATP
5 x 15
the complete oxidation of one mole of sucrose will produce how many ATPs
assuming that fructose can be isomerized to glucose in the liver
1 sucrose = 2 glucose = 72 ATP
2 x 36
for 6 glucose molecules going to pyruvic acid how many NAD molecules are used up
12
what type of group does acetylCoA transfer
acetyl
in aerobic conditions pyruvic acid is converted to
CO2
H2O
the energy from glucose metabolism which is not stored as ATP is used for maintaining
boy temp
in muscle tissue, anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates results in the production of
lactic acid
substrate or substrates for the enzyme in step 1 of the Kreb cycle
acetyl CoA
oxaloacetic acid
Product of acetyl CoA oxaloacetic acid
citric acid
what type of enzyme is acetyl coA and oxaloacetic acid
synthetase
coenzyme is used to convert RCH2CH2R to RCH =CHR
FAD
what type of enzyme is needed for the above reaction
dehydrogenase
what coenzyme is used to convert
RCH2CH=O to
RCH2CH2OH
NADH
in what tissues are the following stored
lipids
adipose
in what tissues are the following stored
carbohydrates
muscle
liver
in what tissues are the following stored
amino acids
none
there is an amino acid pool in the blood
which ketone body is NOT acidic
acetone
in the complete aerobic metabolism of glucose
the carbons of glucose end up as
CO2
in the complete aerobic metabolism of glucose
the hydrogens of the glucose end up as
before the electron transport system
NADH
FADH2
in the complete aerobic metabolism of glucose
the hydrogens of the glucose of the glucose end up as
after the electron transport system
H2O
why does starvation result in acidosis
glycogen is gone,
fatty acid metabolism increases
acetyl CoA accumulates
but Krebs cycle slows down since oxaloacetic acid is used in gluconeogenesis to provide glucose to the brain.
acetyl Co-A is converted to ketone bodies, and ketone bodies cause acidosis
since 2 of them are acids
Acetyl CoA & oxaloacetic acid ——-> citric acid
enzyme: synthetase
active sites for
acetyl coA
oxalacetic acid
Acetyl CoA & oxaloacetic acid ——-> citric acid
classificed as
synthetase
Allosteric
it has regulatory sites for citrate NAD ATP and NADH would the NAD molecule be
an activator
ATP is synthesized only in the electron transport chain
false
glucagon and epinephrine will speed up triglyceride hydrolysis
true
if needed, fatty acids can be bound to serum albumin and transported by the blood to other tissue to be oxidized
true
