Neurotransmiters Flashcards
Acetylcholine (AC) - functional group
permanent amine salt
Acetylcholine is made up of
acetic acid (Acetyl)
alcohol (choline)
where is acetylcholine found
in the brain
associated with short term memory/attention
Alzheimers
too little acetylcholine
too much alcohol
inhibits acetlycholine production
found in nerve-muscle synapses
acetylcholine
dopamine
too much
schizophrenic
dopamine
too little
parkinson’s disease
norepinephrine
too little
depression
norepinephrine
too much
mania
serotonin
too little
depression
serotonin
too much
????
migraines
acetylcholine
too little
alzheimers
anesthetics
any substance causing unconsciousness or insensitivity to pain
novacaine
lidocaine
injected/dentist
soluble in blood (salts)
benzocaine
ointment/topical
NOT SOLUBLE
numming orajel, blistex
sedatives
barbiturates
barbiturates
“downers”
low dosage of barbiturates
mild sedative
hypnotic
high dosage of barbiturates
deep sleep
fatal
pentothal
dentist
takes seconds to take effect, last minutes
“truth serum”
pentobarbital
15mins—> hours
phenobarbital
1 hour —> lasts 6+ hours
barbituates
seconal
luminal
nembutal
pentothal
barbituates are
highly addictive
large tolerance
withdrawal (convulsion)
synergistic with alcohol
synergistic
amplified effect together 20x more potent
small doses of __ used as anti-comvulsants for epileptics
phenobarbital
antianxiety
work on GABA system
increase
calming effect from dopamine (brain) modulates
types of anti anxiety
valium
xanax
antipsychotic
dopamine antagonist
bind and block receptor sites for dopamine
snake root shavings - plants
antipsychotic
thorazine
antihistamine, mental wards (allergies)
calming effect
too much
thorazine
decrease dopamine significantly
Parkinson’s symptoms (shakes/tremmors)
Lithium
bipolar disorder
antidepressants
act to help aid in anxiety
- regulate brain amine breakdown
- slow down reuptake
MAO inhibitors
(not specific, Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine)
mono amine oxidase
tricyclics
block re-uptake serotonin and N.E.
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
types of SSRI
prozac
zoloft
paxil
SSRI treat
depression
OCD
eating disorders
menopause
Stimulants
“feel good system”
dopamine enhancers
amphetamines promotes
release of dopamine
amphetamines inhibit
MAO enzyme
(breaking down dopamine
staying in synapses)
amphetamines stimulate
central nervous system
increase BP
increase Pulse
Decrease fatigue
amphetamines cause
- excitability
- tremors
- insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations
types amphetamines
adderall
benzadrine
monoamine
methedrine..
“meth”
“speed”
“ice”
Meth
different than amphetamines
move through BBB easier
neurotoxins
destroy dopamine neurons
permanent damage
abuse of amphetamines
can lead to parkinson’s disease
pseudoephedrine
decongestants (sudafed)
shrink nasal membrane
stimulant
antihistimine
sedative
decongestants
stimulant
sudafed
stimulant
ephedrine
epedra
natural substance
- -over the counter
- -some diet/energy pills
- -amphetamine
- -optical isomer to sudafed
benzedrine
adult ADHD
adderall
Ritalin
children ADHD (stimulant) stay focus
cocaine is a
stimulant
cocaine
from coca leaves
andeas mountains
cocaine hydrochloride is
injectable (salt)
cocaine is
volitile
smoked
not a salt
cocaine prevents
dopamine in the synapse from being taken back up (transporter)
high levels of dopamine in synapse
“feel good reward”
users of cocaine
body will decrease number of dopamine receptor sites
suicide, major depression
caffeine
mild stimulant
caffeine effects
glucose production (feel more energy)
smokers caffeine
gets removed from blood 2x as fast
nicotine low dosages
stimulant
nicotine is a (low dosages)
agonist (increasing) for acetyl choline in brain –> sense of alertness
nicotine high dosages
blocks receptor sites for acetylcholine in muscle nerve synapses
muscle paralysis, death
50mg = lethal
tobacco
inhibits MAO enzyme
breakdown dopamine
tobacco users have higher levels of
dopamine
less risk of parkinsons
