quiz 10 Flashcards
What is the name of the “secondary messenger” inside of a cell
cAMP
or cyclic AMP
what enzyme is needed to convert glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate
phosphorylase
what enzyme is needed to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
phosphatase
what is the substrate of the enzyme in step 2 in glycolysis
glucose-6-phosphate
what is the product of the enzyme in step 2 in glycolysis
fructose-6-phosphate
what is the product of the enzyme in step 2 in glycolysis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
what two products are formed in the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
fermentation
if the yeast cell has oxygen what are the final products of glucose metabolism
water
carbon dioxide
anaerobic conditions, what is the pyruvic acid (in humans) converted to
lactic acid
the purpose of the reaction pyruvic acid to
is to regenerate what compound
NAD
what is the enzyme for the reaction above
dehydrogenase
in anaerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid in yeasts cells is first converted to what compound
acetalaldehyde
the breakdown of glycogen in the muscles is stimulated by what hormone
epinephrine
where is epinephrine made
adrenal glands
what is the enzyme needed for
pyruvic acid in yeast cells to be converted to acetalaldehyde
decarboxylase
glyconeogenesis (insulin)
inhibits
glycogenolysis (insulin)
inhibits
entry of glucose into a red blood cell (insulin)
no effect
entry of glucose into a muscle cell (insulin)
activates
where does
glycogenesis
liver and muscle
where does
gluconeogenesis
liver
where does
glycolysis
all cells
where does
glucogenolysis
liver and muscle
glycogen synthesis
endothermic
oxidation of glucose to CO2 & H2O
exothermic
ADP & Pi –> ATP
endothermic
conversion of glucose-1-phospate
to
glucose-6-phosphate
endothermic
anabolic reactions
endothermic
hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
exothermic
hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate
to
glucose
exothermic
CH3CH2OH to CH3CH=O
exothermic
concerning glycolysis
step 2
mutase
isomerase
concerning glycolysis
step 6
dehydrogenase
concerning glycolysis
step 7
kinase
concerning glycolysis
step 8
mutase
isomerase
all cells need insulin to help the passage of glucose into the cell
false
in coupled reactions, the energy of the endothermic reaction should be larger than the exothermic reaction
false
converting pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA is an irreversible reaction
true
glucose-6-phosphate is always converted into pyruvic acid in both the liver and muscle
false
the same amount of energy will be created if one starts with glycogen or glucose
false
two phosphates must be on the fructose molecules before it can be split into 2 compounds
true
in aerobic condition, pyruvic acid must be converted into lactic acid
false
anabolic reactions are converting smaller molecules to larger ones
true
without oxygen, a cell cannot do glycolysis
false
oxidation reactions produce energy, which can be used to drive an endothermic reaction
true
a cell without mitochondria does only glycolysis for energy
true
in anaerobic conditions, the NAD cannot be regenerated, so glycolysis will stop
false
even though oxygen is found only at the last step of the electron transport system, if a cell has no oxygen the Krebs cycle will not work
true
a red blood cell gets most of its energy from the Krebs cycle
false
which part produces the most CO2
krebs cycle
actually uses O2 molecules
electron transport
occurs only in the cytoplasm
glycolysis
can occur in anaerobic conditions
glycolysis
converts FADH2 to FAD
electron transport
where oxidative phosphorylation takes place
electron transport
about what percent of energy in glucose is saved in glycolysis
2%
what step in glycolysis represents substrate level phosphorylation
7 or 10
which step in glycolysis is an oxidation
6
which step in glycolysis is a dehydration
9
what type of functional group is found at the very end of a coenzyme A molecule
thioalcohol
what is the high energy bond in acetyl-CoA
a thio ester
what is the high energy bond in glucose-6-phosphate
phosphate ester
why is a phosphatase found only in the liver
glycogen in the liver must provide glucose for the entire body
which cannot be converted back to glucose-1-phosphate
fructose-1,6,-bisphosphate
when glucagon affects a liver cell, what happens
glucagon turns on an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction ATP to cAMP
kinase enzymes are turned on so phosphates can be put on glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase
what are the NOT effects of glucagon
glycogenolysis is stimulated in the liver and muscle
glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver
gluconeogenesis is inhibited
possible “fate” of pyruvate in the human body
conversion to acetyl CoA
reduction to lactic acid in muscle
what is the purpose of the cori cycle
move lactic acid out of the muscle
have the liver provide the muscle with “new” glucose
what causes muscle fatigue
accumulation of lactic acid
have the liver provide the muscle with “new” glucose
what causes muscle fatigue
accumulation of lactic acid
acidosis
the enzyme in step 1 of the Krebs cycle is an allosteric enzyme with sites for ATP, ADP, and NADH
which would activate the enzyme
ADP
assuming oxygen is available, which can be converted into the most ATP
one NADH in the mitochondria
which can produces the most ATP per glucose molecule
glucose metabolism in the liver under aerobic conditions
how many CO2 are produced from Anaerobic oxidation of 3 glucose molecules in a human cell
none
how many ATP are produced from Anaerobic oxidation of 3 glucose molecules in a human cell
6
anaerobic
3 x 2
how many CO2 are produced from the anaerobic oxidation of 3 glucose molecules in a yeast cell
36
how many ATP are produced from the anaerobic oxidation of 3 glucose molecules in a yeast cell
6
how many pyruvic acids can be made from 2 sucrose molecules in glycolysis
8
2 sucrose= 4 glucose
2 pyruvic acids in glycolysis
4 x 2 = 8
