carbohydrates Flashcards
monosaccharides
(aldehydes)
aldoses -sugar
ketose
sugars are
optically active
never meso compounds
monosaccharides reactions
oxidation only
benedicts
fehlings
tollens
when oxidize a monosaccharide
reducing suger
can be oxidized to carb. acid
Maltose is
two glucoses
disaccharide
hemiacetal can
open
reducing sugar
glycoside…
can’t open
lactose is
milk sugar
lactose is made of
galactose (glycoside)
glucose (open)
reducing sugar
lactose intolerant
not enough lactase
- cook milk (hydrolyze disaccharide)
- lactacid
galactosemia
newborns genetic disease
lack enzyme to convert galactose –> glucose (liver)
galactose builds up
mental retardation & death
monosaccharides
soluble in H2O
can pass through cell membrane
disaccharides
soluble in H2O
cannot move through cell membrane
maltose
2 glucose
lactose
glucose
galactose
sucrose
glucose
fructose
(2x calories fructose)
sucrose is
not a reducing sugar
polysaccharides
glucose -starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
2 polymers of starch
- amylose
2. amylopectin
amylose
straight shape
alpha 1-4 linkage
amylopectin
branched
1-6 linkage
helix
test for starch
iodine test
hydrolysis of starch
starch–> amylose/amylopectin –(amylase)–> dextrins–> maltose —(maltase)–> 2 glucoses
dextrins
glue
“spray” ironing
stamp/envelope glue
polysaccharides
- starch alpha 1-4 linkage
- glycogen
- cellulose
glycogen
stores glucose in liver and muscles
regulated blood sugar
glycogen is
very branched
glycogen has
alpha 1-4 linkage
cellulose
plant cell walls
cotton, paper, wood, grass, glucose!
cellulose has
beta 1-4 linkage
saccharin
pink
sweet-and-low
aspartame
nutrasweet
blue
equal
sucralose
splenda
yellow
replaces hydroxy with chlorides
monosaccharides are
reducing sugars
are monosaccharides soluble in water
yes
monosaccharides can
move through cell membrane
monosaccharides go
from open to closed in equilibrium
anomers
closed form
