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metabolism A Flashcards

1
Q

which enzyme is found only in the liver

A

phosphatase

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2
Q

why is phosphatase found only in the liver

A

glycogen in the liver must provide glucose for the entire body

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3
Q

what does phosphatase do

A

convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

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4
Q

when glucagon affects a liver cell, a phosphate is attached to both glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase.
which enzyme is activated?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

glucagon is trying to raise blood sugar

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5
Q

what compounds can be converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis

A

lactic acid

glycerol

some amino acids

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6
Q

which cells need insulin for glucose entry

A

muscle cells

liver

adipose

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7
Q

if glycogen synthetase were allosteric, what effect would ATP have on it

A

active

excess ATP means that there is no need for glycolysis
glucose should be stored as glycogen

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8
Q

what happens to MOST of the glucose-6-phosphate in liver versus muscle tissue

A
  1. In muscle it is used for energy, in liver it is converted to glucose to be transported by the blood to other cells
  2. they can both be converted to glycogen if not needed

Liver uses fatty acids for most of its energy needs

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9
Q

Exothermic reactions

A
  1. oxidation glucose to CO2 H2O
  2. succinyl-CoA–> succinic acid & coenzyme A
  3. GTP –> GDP & Pi
  4. hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA
  5. hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
  6. CH3CH2OH to CH3CH=O
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10
Q

cannot be converted back to glucose-1-phosphate

A

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

step # 3 in glycolysis is irreversible

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11
Q

the purpose of the cori cycle is

A

move lactic acid out of the muscle

have the liver provide the muscle with “new” glucose

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12
Q

oxidation reactions

A

are always exothermic

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13
Q

oxidation of glucose to CO2 H2O

A

exothermic

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14
Q

glycogen synthesis

A

endothermic

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15
Q

ADP & Pi –> ATP

A

endothermic

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16
Q

Conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate

A

endothermic

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17
Q

succinyl-CoA –> sussinic acid & coenzyme A

A

exothermic

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18
Q

GTP –> GDP & Pi

A

exothermic

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19
Q

all anabolic reactions

A

endothermic

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20
Q

photosynthesis

A

endothermic

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21
Q

hydrolysis of acetyl CoA

A

exothermic

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22
Q

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose

A

endothermic

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23
Q

hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

A

exothermic

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24
Q

hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

A

exothermic

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25
Q

CH3CH2OH to CH3CH=O

A

exothermic

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26
Q

does NOT occur in “fight or flight”

A

epinephrine crosses cell membrane to stimulate glycogenolysis

epinephrine cannot enter the cell

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27
Q

which occurs during “fight or flight”

A
  1. glycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the muscles
  2. epinphrine stimulate the production of cyclic-AMP in muscle cells
  3. cAMP causes the glycogen synthetase to be deactivated
  4. glycogenolysis is stimulated
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28
Q

proteins (polypeptides)

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Lactic acid dehydrogenase

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29
Q

polysaccharides

A

glycogen

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30
Q

can move through a cell membrane

A

glucose

cortisol

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31
Q

can stimulate fatty acid synthesis from acetyl CoA

A

insulin

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32
Q

stimulate the immediate conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver

A

Glucagon

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33
Q

stimulate the conversion of certain amino acids to glucose in gluconeogenesis

A

cortisol

Glucagon

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34
Q

Reverse of the other

A
  1. anabolism & catabolism
  2. glycogenolysis & glycogenesis
  3. photosynthesis & complete oxidation of glucose
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35
Q

produces the most ATP in glycolysis

A

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

there are already 2 phosphates on the molecule

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36
Q

produces the least ATP in glycolysis

A

glucose

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37
Q

in anaerobic exercise the pH of the muscle will

A

decrease

acidosis

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38
Q

which processes needs alot of ATP

A

muscle activity

synthesizing protein from amino acid

active transport

all anabolic reactions

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39
Q

reactions can be coupled so

A

one reaction drives the other

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40
Q

hydrolysis of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose give 5 kcal/mole

fructose-6-phosphate to fructose give 3.8

glucose-6-phosphate to glucose 3.8

creatine phosphate to creatine give 10.3

ATP to ADP and Pi gives 7.5 kcal/mol

A

which reactions would be exothermic or favorable

creatine phosphate & ADP to creatine & ATP

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41
Q

get 3.8 from fructose-1-P to fructose need 7.5 for ADP & Pi to ATP

A

total needed 3.7

42
Q

get 10.3 from creatine-phosphate to creatine need 7.5

ADP & Pi to ATP

A

total get 2.8

43
Q

get 3.8 from glucose-6-P to glucose need 10.3 for creatine to creatine-phosphate

A

total need 6.5

44
Q

inhibits glycogenesis in the liver

hormone

45
Q

stimulates glycogenolysis in the muscle

hormone

A

Epinephrine

46
Q

stimulates entry of glucose into a muscle cell

hormone

47
Q

inhibits gluconeogenesis

hormone

48
Q

stimulates entry of glucose into brain cells

hormone

49
Q

Glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

enzyme catalyzes

A

Phosphorylase

50
Q

Glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate

enzyme catalyzes

51
Q

GLucose & ATP to glucose-6-phosphate & ADP

enzyme catalyzes

52
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

A

phosphatase

53
Q

if glycolysis is taking place in a red blood cell, where is the starting point

54
Q

the purpose of converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid is to regenerate

55
Q

which cannot move through a cell membrane

A 
glycogen
glucose-1-phosphate
protein hormones
epinephrine
polypeptides
56
Q

can move through cell

A 
glucose
CO2
galactose
steroid hormones
fatty acids
glycerol
amino acids
57
Q

glycogen

A

cannot move through cell

polysaccharide

58
Q

glucose-1-phosphate

A

cannot move through cell

phosphate prevents moving through membrane

59
Q

protein hormones

A

cannot move through cell

60
Q

epinephrine

A

cannot move through cell

61
Q

polypeptides

A

cannot move through cell

62
Q

true of insulin

A

inhibits glycogenolysis

stimulates entry of glucose into muscle tissue & liver tissue

63
Q

FALSE of insulin

A
  1. too much insulin will result in hyper glycemia
  2. stimulates entry of glucose into brain cells
  3. it stimulates gluconeogenesis
64
Q

the cAMP system is used for

A

mainly protein hormones

65
Q

digestion is mainly a process of

A

hydrolysis

66
Q

which process is MOST important in the maintenance of a constant blood glucose concentration

A

synthesis and breakdown of glycogen in the liver

67
Q

TRUE diabetes

A
  1. it will occur when there are not enough insulin receptor sites
  2. it will occur when not enough insulin is secreted (released) by the pancreas
  3. kidneys will excrete large amounts of water in order to remove excess sugar from the blood
68
Q

FALSE of diabetes

A
  1. occur when not enough insulin is produced by the liver
  2. can cause hyperglycemia
    3.
69
Q

when a phosphate is added to an enzyme to either activate it or deactivate it

A

covalent modification

70
Q

what is called the “famine” hormone

A

famine= glucagon

71
Q

“feast” hormone

A

feast=insulin

72
Q

where is galactose converted to glucose

73
Q

the breakdown of food molecules into simpler chemical substances that can be absorbed by the body is called

74
Q

what substance is secreted from the adrenal glands in response to low blood sugar levels, strenuous exercise or stress

A

epinephrine

adrenaline

75
Q

what type of enzyme is needed to convert pyruvic acid to acetalaldehyde in fermentation

A

decarboxylase

76
Q

starting with glucose, which steps in glycolysis are using up ATP

77
Q

where does digestion start for proteins

78
Q

where does digestion start for carbohydrates

79
Q

where does digestion start for lipids [not metabolism]

A

small intestines

80
Q

when epinephrine reaches the receptor cell on

A

muscle cells

81
Q

when empinphrine reaches the receptor cell on muscle cells, it stimulates the process called

A

glycogenolysis

82
Q

what happens when glucagon affects a liver cell

A

glucagon turns on adenyl cyclase which stimulates the reaction ATP to cAMP

kinase enzymes are turned on so phosphate can be put on glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase

83
Q

what are the effects of glucagon

  1. glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver
    b. glycogenolysis is stimulated in the liver and muscle
    c. gluconeogenesis is inhibited
    d. none
84
Q

conversion of glucose-6-phophate to fructose-6-phosphate needs an isomerase enzyme and ATP for energy

A

false

no ATP is needed

85
Q

RBCs do not have mitochondria so they must get all their energy from glycolysis

86
Q

in a reaction that is energetically unfavorable, the energy of the products is more than the energy of the reactants

87
Q

oral anti-diabetic drugs are similar to insulin in their structure

A

false
they are not proteins
proteins would be digested in the stomach

88
Q

oral anti-diabetic drugs help with only some types of diabetes

A

they help increase the release of insulin from the pancreas

but no the original amount of insulin produced

89
Q

Glucose 1-phosphate

A

Mutase

Isomers see

90
Q

Glucose6-phosphate—> liver only

A

Phosphatase

Glucose–> to blood

91
Q

Glucose 6-phosphate–ATP/ADP–> glucose.

A

Kinase
ATP–>ADP

Blood

92
Q

Glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate

93
Q

Fructose 6-phosphate –ATP ADP–> fructose 1,6-biphosphate

A

Allosteric
Inhibited by ATP

Kinase

94
Q

NAD

NADH

A

Dehydrogenase

95
Q

-CO2

A

Decarboxylase

96
Q

ATP

ADP

97
Q

Steps 7+ 10

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

98
Q

Oxidative pathways

A

Kreb cycle

Aerobic

99
Q

Muscle..

100
Q

Yeast

A

Anaerobic

Fermentation

101
Q

Allosteric

A

Inhibited ATP

Using up ATP

Putting P on
Against gradient

102
Q

Step 6

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate -P. NAD NADH-> 1,3 biphosphoglyceric acid

A

Coupling
Endothermic
Putting P on

Biochem (27 decks)

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