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VM728: Imaging > Retroperitoneal Space and Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Retroperitoneal Space and Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Peritoneal Space

A

Between peritoneum and usually has a tiny amount of fluid

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2
Q

Define: Retroperitoneal Space

A

Between peritoneaum and dorsal abdominal body wall
Organs partly covered by peritoneum are retroperitoneal

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3
Q

What (6) organs/structures are considered retroperitoneal structures?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Adrenal glands
Aorta
Caudal vena cava
Some lymph nodes

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4
Q

What does retroperitoneal effusion look like on radiographs?

A

Loss of distinction of hypaxial muscles, vessels, kidneys
With loss of distinction, you can’t tell if there is also a soft tissue mass
Large volume = ventrally displaced GI tract

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5
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion

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6
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion

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7
Q
A

Peritoneal effusion (normal retroperitoneal space)

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8
Q

What are important causes of retroperitoneal effusion?

A

Hemorrhage: trauma, coagulopathy (rodenticide), neoplasia
Urine leakage: kidneys, ureters, urethra (some portions)
AKI
FB abscesses (grass awns, esp. foxtails)

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9
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion
Animal attach trauma

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10
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion
Animal attack trauma

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11
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion
Dog attack trauma

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12
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion (hemorrhage)
HBC

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13
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion (hemorrhage)
HBC

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14
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion

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15
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion

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16
Q
A

Retroperitoneal effusion

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17
Q
A

Mild retroperitoneal effusion
Trace peritoneal effusion
Large urinary bladder (obstruction)

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18
Q

What is indicative of adrenal gland mineralization in dogs and cats?

A

Cats: not significant
Dogs: benign adenoma or primary malignant neoplasia

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19
Q

Which kidney is which?

A
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20
Q
A

Normal kidneys

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21
Q
A

Normal kidneys

22
Q
A

Normal kidneys

23
Q
A

Normal kidneys

24
Q
A

Normal kidneys

25
Q

How do we measure kidney size in relation to normal?

A
26
Q

What are (7) differentials for bilateral kidney enlargement?

A

Renal lymphoma (cats)
FIP (cats)
Hydronephrosis
AKI (mild)
Congenital PSS (mild)
Metastatic neoplasia
Polycystic kidney disease

27
Q

What are (5) differentials for unilateral kidney enlargement?

A

Hydronephrosis
Compensatory hypertrophy (mild)
Primary renal tumor (abnormal shape)
Renal cysts (abnormal shape)
Metastatic neoplasia (abnormal shape)

28
Q
A

Bilateral mild renomegaly
FIP

29
Q
A

Bilateral mild renomegaly
FIP

30
Q
A

Right renomegaly (left upper end of normal)
Both kidneys irregular
Abdominal mass (labeled)
Lymphoma

31
Q
A

Right renomegaly (left upper end of normal)
Both kidneys irregular
Lymphoma

32
Q
A

Bilateral renomegaly

33
Q
A

Bilateral renomegaly

34
Q
A

Bilateral mild renomegaly
Presumed AKI

35
Q
A

Bilateral mild renomegaly
Bilateral hydronephrosis due to obstructive ureteroliths

36
Q
A

Mild left renomegaly
Hydronephrosis due to retrocaval ureter

37
Q
A

Enlarged left kidney
Hydronephrosis

38
Q
A

Irregular shape and enlargement of left kidney
Renal carcinoma

39
Q
A

Left renomegaly with soft tissue opaque material in caudal left peritoneal space
Primary renal neoplasia with hemorrhage

40
Q
A

Large left kidney mass
Sarcoma

41
Q
A

Mild left renomegaly with nephrolith
Compensatory hypertrophy of left kidney and marked chronic degenerative change of right

42
Q

What are (2) differentials for bilateral small kidneys?

A

Chronic renal degeneration
Renal dysplasia/hypoplasia

43
Q

What are (3) differentials for unilateral small kidneys?

A

Chronic renal degeneration
Atrophy secondary to chronic obstruction
Renal dysplasia/hypoplasia (more often bilateral)

44
Q

What values are considered small vs enlarged kidneys?

A

Dogs
Small < 2.5x L2
Large >3.5x L2

Cats
Small < 2x L2
Large > 3x L2

45
Q
A

Small left kidney
Degenerative renal change or dysplasia/hypoplasia

46
Q
A

Small kidney, tiny nephroliths
Degenerative renal change or dysplasia/hypoplasia

47
Q
A

Left kidney bigger than right
Chronic right renal obstruction with hydronephrosis and compensatory hypertrophy of left

48
Q

What causes mineralization in the kidneys?

A

Nephroliths (if in region of renal pelvis)
Focal dystrophic mineralization

49
Q
A

Ureteroliths

50
Q
A

Ureteroliths

51
Q
A

Bilateral renomegaly (borderline)
Bilateral obstructive ureteroliths and hydronephrosis

52
Q
A

Bilateral renomegaly (borderline)
Bilateral obstructive ureteroliths and hydronephrosis

VM728: Imaging (30 decks)

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