Respiratory system 1

Question 1

what are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system (4)

Answer 1

1. exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
2. homeostatic regulation of body pH
3. protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
4. vocalization

Question 2

what is vocalization

Answer 2

moving air across vocal cards for sound

Question 3

how does air exchange occur

Answer 3

bulk flow from a region of high pressure to low pressure

Question 4

what creates the pressure gradient in the respiratory system

Answer 4

muscular pump

Question 5

what kind of muscle is the muscular pump

Answer 5

all skeletal

Question 6

what is resistance in the respiratory system influenced most by

Answer 6

diameter of tubes

Question 7

what is external respiration

Answer 7

the movement of gases between the environment and the cells within the body
basically everything but actual cellular respiration

Question 8

what are the 4 steps to external respiration

Answer 8

1. atmosphere to lung (breathing)
2. lung to blood
3. transport of gases in the blood
4. blood to cells

Question 9

what does external respiration require

Answer 9

coordination between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system

Question 10

What are 4 upper airway structures?

Answer 10

Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Esophagus

Question 11

What are some lower respiratory system structures

Answer 11

Trachea
Lungs
Diaphragm

Question 12

What are alveoli

Answer 12

Sacks that serve as exchange place

Question 13

What lung is slightly larger?

Answer 13

Right lung

Question 14

Why is the left lung smaller than the right one?

Answer 14

The left lung has a cardiac notch

Question 15

What is the pleural sac

Answer 15

Double membrane surrounding the lung
Each lung has its own

Question 16

What is the visceral pleura connected to

Answer 16

The outside surface of the lungs

Question 17

What is the parietal pleura connected to?

Answer 17

The inside surface of the thoracic cavity

Question 18

What lung has 3 lobes

Answer 18

Right

Question 19

What lung has 2 lobes

Answer 19

Left

Question 20

What does the pleural cavity do? (2)

Answer 20

Creates a moist slippery surface
Holds lungs fight to thoracic wall

Question 21

Are the lungs attached to anything?

Answer 21

No, the pleural cavity liquid helps with it not recoiling

Question 22

What connects lungs to the external environment

Answer 22

Airways

Question 23

What’s the pathway of airflow into the body

Answer 23

Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

Question 24

What’s the starting airway for lower respiratory system?

Answer 24

Trachea

Question 25

What conditions air before it reaches alveoli

Answer 25

Upper airways and bronchi

Question 26

Why is conditioning air and filtering out foreign material more efficient with nose breathing?

Answer 26

Shape of nasal airway tends to cause particles to embed in the back of the pharynx and slide down to the esophagus

Question 27

What 3 processes are more efficient with nose breathing?

Answer 27

1. Warming air to body temperature 2. Adding water Vapor 3. Filtering out foreign material

Question 28

Where is air filtered?

Answer 28

Trachea and bronchi

Question 29

What are the two types of cells in the trachea?

Answer 29

Ciliates epithelial cells Goblet cells

Question 30

What cell produces saline?

Answer 30

Ciliates epithelial cells

Question 31

What do ciliated epithelial cells produce?

Answer 31

Saline

Question 32

What cells produce mucus

Answer 32

Goblet cells

Question 33

What do goblet cells produce?

Answer 33

Mucus

Question 34

What happens to substances in the trachea?

Answer 34

Get stuck in mucus layer and ultimately end up in stomach to be neutralized

Question 35

What does mucus contain?

Answer 35

Immunoglobins

Question 36

What do the cilia on epithelial cells do? What is this process called?

Answer 36

Push mucus towards the pharynx. Mucocilliary escalator

Question 37

What's the layer of cells in trachea? Starting at the lumen of the trachea

Answer 37

Lumen Mucus layer Saline layer Cilia epithelial cells Goblet cells

Question 38

What is necessary for mucocillary escalator function?

Answer 38

Saline

Question 39

What do cilia do in the mucocillary escalator function? What does the saline layer do?

Answer 39

Cilia moves the saline Saline layer pulls mucus layer towards the pharynx

Question 40

What would happen without the saline layer in the mucocillary escalator function?

Answer 40

Cilia would become embedded in thick mucus and become unable to move

Question 41

What drives the production of saline within airways?

Answer 41

Cl

Question 42

What channel allows Cl to enter the lumen?

Answer 42

CFTR channel

Question 43

What gene mutation causes cystic fibrosis

Answer 43

The gene that codes for CFTR

Question 44

What is cystic-fibrosis?

Answer 44

Reduced saline so trachea gets full of mucus

Question 45

Where is the site of gas exchange

Answer 45

Alveoli

Question 46

Where are alveoli?

Answer 46

Clustered at the ends of bronchioles

Question 47

What are alveoli covered in?

Answer 47

Pulmonary capillaries Heavily vascularized

Question 48

Why is there a short distance from capillary to alveoli?

Answer 48

Reduces diffusion space for gas exchange

Question 49

What are the 3 cell types within the walls of alveoli

Answer 49

Type 1 alveolar cell Type II alveolar cell Alveolar macrophage

Question 50

What are the cells that take up 95% of alveolar surface area

Answer 50

Type l alveolar cells for gas exchange

Question 51

What are type l alveolar cells for?

Answer 51

Gas exchange

Question 52

Where in the airway does airflow have the highest velocity?

Answer 52

Trachea

Question 53

what do type II alveolar cells do

Answer 53

influence the thin layer of fluid between the capillaries and the alveoli

Question 54

what do alveolar macrophages do

Answer 54

help with infections within alveoli

Question 55

how long does it take for blood to get through pulmonary circuit

Answer 55

about 6 seconds

Question 56

what is an example of a very low volume circuit

Answer 56

pulmonary circuit

Question 57

how much of the total blood volume does the pulmonary circuit contain

Answer 57

0.5 L or about 10%

Question 58

what is flow

Answer 58

the volume of fluid over a certain amount of time

Question 59

whats unique about the pulmonary circuit

Answer 59

it has a high flow rate but is a low pressure circuit

Question 60

what is the low pressure in the pulmonary circuit due to

Answer 60

low resistance (high cross sectional area) and minimal filtration