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repro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive structures are considered biopotential until _____ of development

A

7 weeks

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2
Q

bipotential

A

has all the structures necessary to become male or female

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3
Q

what makes up the gonad

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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4
Q

what are the 2 pairs of accessory ducts

A

mullerian duct
wolffian duct

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5
Q

if female, what does the gonad (cortex) form

A

ovary

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6
Q

if female, what does the gonad (medulla) do

A

medulla regresses

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7
Q

if female, what does the wolffian duct do

A

it regresses

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8
Q

if female, what does the mullerian duct do (4)

A

becomes fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 of vagina

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9
Q

is AMH present in male or females

A

males

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10
Q

what makes the mullerian duct form internal organs as a female

A

the absence of AMH

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11
Q

if male, what does the gonade (cortex) form

A

it regresses

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12
Q

if male, what does the gonade (medulla) form

A

testis

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13
Q

if male, what does the wolffian do (3)

A

forms epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicles

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14
Q

if male, what causes the wolffian duct to form internal organs

A

testosterone

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15
Q

in females, what causes wolffian duct regression

A

absence of testosterone

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16
Q

if male, what does the mullerian duct do

A

regresses

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17
Q

if male, why does the mullerian duct regress

A

presence of AMH

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18
Q

what does male or female development depend on

A

the presence of or absence of sex determining region of Y chromosome (SRY gene)

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19
Q

what does the SRY gene produce

A

testis determining factor

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20
Q

what hormones drive the guide of gonad medulla into a testis (3)

A

SOX9
WT1
SF1

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21
Q

what are the 3 hormones produced by testes to influence development

A

anti-mullerian hormone
testosterone
dihydrotestosterone

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22
Q

what produces anti mullerian hormone

A

sertoli cells

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23
Q

what produces testosterone

A

leydig cells

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24
Q

what produces dihydrotestosterone

A

leydig cells

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25
what does the anti mullerian hormone do
causes Müllerian ducts to regress
26
what does testosterone do
converts wollfian duct into make accessory structures (epididymis, vas deferent, seminal vesicle)
27
what does dihydrotestosterone do
differentiates external genetalia
28
what directs male development
SRY gene
29
what gets activated when SRY gene is not present
FOXL2
30
what does FOXL2 do
helps with differentiating ovaries
31
in the absence of dihydrotestosterone, what happens to genital tubercle
clitoris forms
32
in the absence of dihydrotestosterone, what happens to the urethral folds and grooves
labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra
33
in the absence of dihydrotestosterone, what happens to labioscrotal swellings
form labia majora
34
in the presence of dihydrotestosterone, what happens to genital tubercle
forms glans penis (tip)
35
in the presence of dihydrotestosterone, what happens to urethral folds and grooves
forms shaft of penis
36
in the presence of dihydrotestosterone, what happens to labioscrotal swellings
scrotum and shaft of penis
37
what is external genitalia development driven by
the presence of absence of DHT
38
what is the testis determining factor
SRY gene
39
where is the SRY gene
on Y chromosome
40
what is the malfunction in male pseudohermaphrodites
XY males but the lack the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
41
what enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
5a-reductase
42
what does a lack of DHT do to men
results in failure of male external genetalia and prostate development
43
what do male pseudohermaphrodites appear to be at birth
externally female
44
Sexual differentiation of the internal sex organs depends primarily on the presence or absence of: Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone SRY gene Anti-mullerian hormone
SRY gene
45
are female ovas motile
no
46
when are oocytes cyclically released
during reproductive years
47
how does a female get eggs
females are form with all of their oocytes
48
does female reproduction cease
yes
49
what are the only flagellated cells in the body
sperm
50
how to males get sperm
continuously produced after reaching reproductive maturity
51
does male reproduction cease
no but it diminishes with age
52
gametogenesis
the production of gametes
53
what is primary gamete
homologous pair of replicated chromosomes (96 single chromosomes)
54
whats a secondary gamete
homologous pair of replicated chromosomes separate (2 secondary gametes with 46 single chromosomes each)
55
how many gametes are viable in females
1 of 4
56
how many gametes are viable in males
all 4
57
when does gametogenesis occur
in utero
58
when does mitosis occur the most in females
stages of developement
59
when does mitosis occur most in males
during reproductive age
60
what part of females remains quiet until puberty
primary oocytes
61
what are germ cells in females
Oogonia
62
how many oocytes at birth for females
~500 000
63
what occurs by the 5th month of fetal development for females
mitosis and the very first stage of meiosis
64
what does the first division of meiosis produce in females
large secondary oocyte and first polar body (46 single chromosomes each)
65
what is a secondary oocyte in females
egg
66
what is required for the egg to undergo secondary division
fertilization
67
how many eggs does one primary oocyte yield
1
68
why dont polar bodies survive
uneven cell division to ensure that 1 will survive
69
how many polar bodies are produced in females
3 are produced but only 2 are visible
70
what is gametogenesis controlled by (2)
control of hormones from brain from endocrine cells in the gonads
71
whats a germ cell in males
spermatogonium
72
what are the 2 paths of spermatogonia
can either enter mitosis again or enter meiosis to produce sperm
73
how many sperm does one primary spermatocyte yield
4 sperm
74
Differentiation of the external genitalia is determined the absence or presence of: Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone Anti-Mullerian Hormone None of the above
dihydrotestosterone
75
what does reproduction start with in the brain
secretion of peptide hormones from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that control gondola secretion of sex hormones
76
what are the 3 sex hormones produced by both males and females
androgens estrogens progesterone
77
males primarily produce _________ (androgens, estrogens, progesterone)
androgens
78
females primarily produce _________ (androgens, estrogens, progesterone)
estrogens and progesterone
79
where is gonadotrophin releasing hormone produced
hypothalamic neurons
80
what controls the release of FSH and LH from gonadrotropes
gonodotrophin releasing hormone
81
what is released from gonadotropes
FSH and LH
82
what do FSH and LH act on
gonads
83
the hypophyseal portal system explains
the travel of a signal from GNRH neurons through a portal system to release FSH and LH Into bloodstream
84
what can inhibit GNRH release from hypothalamus
negative feedback loops involving LH and FSH
85
moderate levels of estrogen and androgens does what
decreases gonadotropin levels (negative feedback)
86
what does high androgen levels do
decreases gonadotropin levels (negative feedback)
87
what does sustained high estrogen levels do
increases gonadotropin levels (positive feedback)
88
what plays a significant role in the female reproductive cycle
high levels of estrogen causing positive feedback to gnrh and releasing more LH
89
what causes the LH surge at high estrogen levels in females
believed to be estrogen influencing GnRH release via kisspeptin
90
where are gonatropes
anterior pituitary

BMSC 208 (27 decks)

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