repro 6

Question 1

Which of the following occurs during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?
ovulation
proliferative phase
secretory phase
menstruation

Answer 1

secretory phase

Question 2

whats a male contraceptive that could be around in the next few years

Answer 2

RISUG
VasalGel

Question 3

how can an injection of polymer gel be removed from vas deferens

Answer 3

by a second injection of a bicarbonate solution

Question 4

males that suffer from what are infertile

Answer 4

vitamin A deficiency

Question 5

what kind of contraceptive methods are usually the most effective

Answer 5

method with no human error involved

ie, IUD, Hormone implant, sterilization

Question 6

define infertility

Answer 6

the inability to conceive within 12 months of trying

Question 7

whats the most common cause of infertility

Answer 7

low sperm count

Question 8

what are the 4 types of infertility in women

Answer 8

damaged fallopian tubes
ovulation disorders
endometriosis
uterine/cervical disorders

Question 9

what is cervical stenosis

Answer 9

narrowing of the cervix

Question 10

what is endometriosis

Answer 10

endothelium layer growing on the outside of the uterus in the abdominal cavity

Question 11

how effective is in vitro fertilization under 30

Answer 11

over 50%

Question 12

when would artificial insemination be used

Answer 12

when there is low sperm count from the male

Question 13

what does fertilization require from the sperm

Answer 13

capacitation

Question 14

what is capacitation

Answer 14

sperm sheds surface molecules allowing them to swim rapidly to penetrate egg

Question 15

fertilization of egg by sperm occurs by _______

Answer 15

chance

Question 16

when is the egg viable to be fertilized

Answer 16

12-24 hours post ovulation

Question 17

how long can sperm remain in the female reproductive tract

Answer 17

5-6 days

Question 18

There are currently hormonal contraceptive treatments commercially available for both males and females.
True
False

Answer 18

false

Question 19

where does fertilization happen

Answer 19

in the distal portion of the fallopian tube

Question 20

how many sperm reach fertilization point

Answer 20

only like 100

Question 21

what is the corona radiata

Answer 21

a thin layer of granulosa cells that remain attached to the egg

Question 22

what do sperm have to penetrate through

Answer 22

a layer of granulosa cells (corona radiata) and the zona pellucida

Question 23

what covers the head of the sperm that contains enzymes to dissolve

Answer 23

acrosome

Question 24

what is the cortical reaction

Answer 24

hardening of the zona pellucida layer to prevent other sperm binding

Question 25

what forms the hard layer of zona pellucida

Answer 25

cortical granules that get exocytosed at fertilization

Question 26

what does the cortical reaction prevent

Answer 26

polyspermy (more than one sperm fertilizing)

Question 27

what are the 3 steps that need to happen for fertilization to occur

Answer 27

capacitation acrosomal reaction cortical reaction

Question 28

what day does blastocyte implantation normally occur

Answer 28

day 20-21

Question 29

how long does it take for a fertilized egg to to become a blastocyst and implant

Answer 29

~6 days

Question 30

what are the 2 parts of blastocysts

Answer 30

trophoblast inner cell mass

Question 31

what releases proteolytic enzymes allowing blastocyst to penetrate wall

Answer 31

trophoblasts

Question 32

the developing embryo floats in ______________

Answer 32

amniotic fluid

Question 33

whats the embryonic membrane around a blastocyst called

Answer 33

chorion

Question 34

what helps start the formation of the placenta

Answer 34

the chorion membrane

Question 35

what do the inner cell mass of blastocysts form

Answer 35

embryo and other extraembryonic membranes (amnion + allantois)

Question 36

what is the amnion membrane

Answer 36

what secretes amniotic fluid

Question 37

what is the allantois membrane

Answer 37

becomes part of the umbilical cord

Question 38

what do chorion cells also form besides placenta

Answer 38

chorionic vili

Question 39

what do chorionic vili do

Answer 39

penetrate vascularized endometrium and secretes enzymes that break down walls of maternal blood vessels

Question 40

what prevents corpus luteum from degenerating

Answer 40

embryo secreting human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 41

what do chrionic villi of developing placenta secrete

Answer 41

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 42

whats the hormone sensed within home pregnancy tests

Answer 42

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 43

what does human chorionic gonadotrophin bind to

Answer 43

LH receptors of corpus luteum

Question 44

what stimulates testosterone production in developing testes in male fetuses

Answer 44

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 45

what takes over hormone production after 7 weeks of development

Answer 45

placenta

Question 46

when is the placenta well established

Answer 46

~5 weeks

Question 47

why do hCG levels drop

Answer 47

because of the natural hormonal shift to placenta control

Question 48

what makes the corpus luteum degenerate

Answer 48

drop in hCG