GI 8

Question 1

appetite and satiety

Answer 1

behavioural mechanisms function to maintain body weight at a stable value

Question 2

what are the 2 longterm regulations of feeding behaviour

Answer 2

glucostatic theory
lipostatic theory

Question 3

whats glucostatic theory

Answer 3

glucose metabolism in the hypothalamus regulates food intake

Question 4

whats the lipostatic theory

Answer 4

signals from the bodies fat stores regulate food intake

Question 5

These epithelial cells play a major role in immune system functioning in the GI tract:
M cells
S cells
I cells
L cells

Answer 5

M cells

Question 6

what is leptin released by

Answer 6

adipocytes

Question 7

what are the 2 responses to elevated leptin

Answer 7

1. inhibition of lateral feeding centre
2. activation of paraventricular nucleus to release TSH and ACTH

Question 8

does high leptin stimulate sympathetic or parasympathetic output

Answer 8

sympathetic

Question 9

what neurons are activated when there’s high leptin ? what do they do

Answer 9

aMSH/CART neurons inhibit feeding behaviour (lateral feeding centre)

Question 10

whats the humoral response? when is it activated

Answer 10

increased TSH and ACTH from anterior pituitary

Question 11

what are the 2 responses in response to decreased leptin

Answer 11

1. reduced activation of aMSH/CART neurons
2. activation of NPY and AgRP neurons

Question 12

does decreased leptin stimulate sympathetic or parasympathetic output

Answer 12

parasympathetic output

Question 13

what do NPY and AgRP neurons do

Answer 13

activate the feeding centre (lateral feeding centre)

Question 14

does fat storage increase or decrease leptin

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

what signals drive feeding behaviour

Answer 15

orexigenic signals

Question 16

what are the 4 short term regulators

Answer 16

ghrelin
gastric distension
CCK
insulin

Question 17

is long term regulation constantly going

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

where is ghrelin released by

Answer 18

cells in the stomach

Question 19

what does ghrelin do

Answer 19

drives feeding behaviour (stimulates NPY/AGRP neurons in arcuate)

Question 20

what do gastric distention and CCK do

Answer 20

reduce food seeking behaviour (act on NTS in medulla to stimulate feelings of satiety)

Question 21

during cephalic and gastric phase, insulin increases which causes a ______ in blood glucose

Answer 21

drop

Question 22

what does a drop in blood glucose do

Answer 22

drives hunger by activating NPY/AgRP neurons

Question 23

increased blood glucose does what

Answer 23

acts as a satiety signal through activation of aMSH/CART neurons

Question 24

where are aMSH/CART neurons and NPY/AgRP located

Answer 24

arcuate nucleus

Question 25

Normally an increased storage of fat in adipocytes would cause which of the following? Decreased leptin release Increased feeding behaviour Increased TSH and ACTH release Decreased sympathetic activity

Answer 25

Increased TSH and ACTH release

Question 26

breakdown of energy output

Answer 26

50% heat 50% work

Question 27

how to measure energy input

Answer 27

bomb calorimeter

Question 28

energy output =

Answer 28

work + heat

Question 29

what is basal metabolic rate

Answer 29

an individuals lowest metabolic rate

Question 30

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body fall into one of three categories:

Answer 30

extract energy from nutrients use energy for work store excess energy for later use

Question 31

precursor to androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

Answer 31

cholesterol

Question 32

what is anabolic

Answer 32

building up

Question 33

whats mostly used for energy in the fed state

Answer 33

glucose

Question 34

Most glycogen in the body is stored within the: Liver Muscle Adipocytes Brain

Answer 34

Muscle

Question 35

is fat storage limited

Answer 35

no (unlimited)

Question 36

where is most triglycerides stored

Answer 36

adipose tissue

Question 37

where is the most protein in the body

Answer 37

skeletal muscle

Question 38

what can only sustain quiet activity for only a few hours

Answer 38

glycogen

Question 39

whats the main nutrient used by the body in a fasted state

Answer 39

fats

Question 40

whats the only thing that can use glucose 6 phosphate

Answer 40

skeletal muscle

Question 41

glycogen to glucose 6 p

Answer 41

glycogenolysis

Question 42

glycogen to glucose

Answer 42

glycogenolysis

Question 43

new glucose from pyruvate, lactate

Answer 43

gluconeogenesis

Question 44

what converts fatty acids to ketone bodies

Answer 44

liver

Question 45

where does lipolysis happen

Answer 45

adipose tissue

Question 46

what doesnt use fatty acids in the fasted state

Answer 46

neural tissue

Question 47

insulin drives anabolism or catabolism

Answer 47

anabolism

Question 48

all fed state metabolic processes are stimulated by ______

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

what receptor is involved in the insert of glucose transporters

Answer 49

tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 50

what indicates a fasted state

Answer 50

glucagon

Question 51

Metabolism in the fed state is characterized by which of the following: Lipolysis The use of FA’s for energy production in most cells The formation of new glucose The conversion of glucose to glycogen

Answer 51

The conversion of glucose to glycogen

Question 52

is glycogen the storage area for glucose

Answer 52

yes