Respiratory pt 2 Flashcards
what kind of tests are rapid antigen tests
viral tests
what type of pneumonia is typically mild but will progress rapidly and can be fatal in children
viral pneumonia
what covid strain:
mutation that increase transmissibility
-prominant 2021 strain
delta
What is enterovirus D68
a typically mild and cold-like disease that can progress to something more serious like muscle weakness+flaccid paralysis due to spinal cord inflammation
what is a hypercoaguable state
when your blood is more likely to clot
what is the most common cause of croup
parainfluenza virus
what causes the airway to narrow with croup
subglottic inflammation and edema
obstructive or restrictive:
tuberculosis
restrictive/infectious
describe the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia
acute inflmmatory response leads to water+plasma proteins to lower lung lobes
causes rbcs, fibrin and plymorhonuclear leukocytes to infiltrate alveoli
build up of these is a medium for the spread and proliferation of bacteria
how does covid 19 replicate
in alveolar epithelial cells - destroying them
obstructive or restrictive:
viral pneumonia
restrictive/infectious
what is a barking cough associated with
croup
chronic bronchitis
continued bronchial inflammation + increase in productive cough/dyspnea
obstructive or restrictive:
covid 19
restricitve/infectious
what does the ENaC channel do
reabsorbs sodium into cells
how does a dysfunctional CFTR affect sodium reabsorption
a normal CFTR would inhibit the reabsorption, but a faulty one does NOT inhibit ENaC
why can aspiration pneumonia be associated with bacterial pneumonia
because aspiring water in a near drowning incident will have lots of bacteria in it
are men fully infertile in CF
yes, they still produce sperm but it cant get through the vas deferens
what ribonuclease can be used to treat CF
dornase alfa
obstructive or restrictive:
Bronchiectasis
obstructive
obstructive or restrictive:
bacterial pneumonia
restrictive/infectious
what is pulmonary emphysema a late manifestation of
repeated inflammatory episodes of chronic bronchitis
what is bronchiectasis
permanent dilation and distortion of bronchi and bronchioles
what covid strain:
spike protein vaccinations that make vaccination less effective
beta
what hurts the lung ventilation capacity with chronic bronchitis
excessive secretion of mucus that obstructs airways
how does breathing sound for someone with croup
varking cough
stridor
what does COPD stand for
chronic obsturctive pulmonary disease
what is the most common upper respiratory obstruction in children
croup
obstructive or restrictive:
pulmonary emphysema
obstructive
what is SARS
a coronaviral infection that rapidly developed into pneumonia
what is pulmonary emphysema
permanent enlargement of alveoli and deterioration of alveolar walls
what covid strain:
spike protein mutated - antibody binding affected
transmissibility up
alpha
what did the omicron strain change
easier transmission but less severe
what does pulmonary emphysema typically lead to
barrel chest
what is the most common chronic pulmonary disease
pulmonary emphysema
what are some symptoms of bronchiectasis
chronic productive cough
dyspnea
fever
weight loss
what do covid antibody tests tell us
if you were ever infected
why does lower chloride secretion and higher sodium reabsorption cause thicker mucus
water follows solutes, if theres no solutes in the mucus, it’ll leave and the mucus will be less dilute
what covid test tells us if we have ever been infected
antibody tests
2% of pulmonary emphysema are caused by:
genetic anti alpha trypsin
what causes bronchiectasis
breakdown of airway SM and CT due to chronic infection/inflammation
what is chronic bronchitis typically due to
long term exposure to irritants
what is dornase alfa used to treat
Cystic fibrosis
why does Pul emphysema cause hypercapnia
destruction of alveolar walls makes it hard to transfer CO2 out of blood
definition of pneumonia
inflammation of respiratory unit tissues
what is a coronavirus
family of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope with club shaped spike proteins
cystic fibrosis is rare in what populations
indigenous
african canadian
what is an at home treatment for mild croup
steam inhalation - help move mucus/lubricate throat
what is legionnares disease
a bronchopneumonia caused by gram negative rod bacterium
is croup typically viral or bacterial
viral
name the 4 diagnostic criteria for CF
inc Na and Cl in sweat
low panc enzymes in GI secretions
chronic resp infections
family history
what does a hypercoagulable state cause
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
how do mRNA vaccines work
you inject mRNA with instructions to making the spike protein so that it is created by your own cells and you can make antibodies
what are the 5 main variants of COVID
alpha
beta
delta
gamma
omicron
what covid test tells us if we are currently infected
viral tests (rapid antigen)
what are teh two kinds of covid vaccines
mRNA
viral vector vaccine
what are some risk factors for COPD
smoking
family hisotyr
lung irritants
medical history (ie frequent resp illnesses as a kid)
what disease is known as the “blue bloater”
chronic bronchitis
what kind of enzyme is dornase alfa
ribonuclease
what causes cystic fibrosis
a faulty CFTR protein
what makes alveoli more vulnerable to expiratory collapse (pulmonary emphysema)
undermined support structure for airways due to alveolar destructin
is the incidence of bronchiectasis inc or dec? why
decreasing
more effective treatment of other resp illnesses
TB bacteria are walled off in fibrous/calcified things known as
tubercles
granulomas
are women fully infertile in CF
no, theyre less fertile though
what covid strain:
3 spike protein mutations - increase attachment to human cells but less transmissible
gamma
what bacteria causes tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
what are some management ideas for chronic bronchitis
bronchodilators
flu/pneumonia/COVID vaccines
quitting smoking
what do viral covid test tell us
if you are currently infected
obstructive or restrictive:
cystic fibrosis
obstructive
what did the alpha strain change
spike protein mutated - antibody binding affected
transmissibility up
what did the gamma strain change
spike protein mutations - increase attachment to human cells but less transmissible
what causes a hypercoagulable state with covid 19
endothelial cell injuries that prevent them to promote vasodilation, fibrinolysis and inhibit aggregation
what is so concerning about pulmonary emphysema
there are no symptoms until the disease progresses
what are the characteristics of cystic fibrosis
over secretion of viscous mucus that clogs resp system + increases risk of infections
what 3 things cause infection with bacterial pneumonia
decreased bactericidal ability of alveolar macrophages
extreme virulence of bacteria
increased susceptibility of host
what disease would you find a prolonged expiration phase in
pulmonary emphysema
what is Legionnaires disease caused by
gram negative rod bacterium
hoe does the viral vector vaccine work
you extract genetic material of the spike protein and attach it to an unrelated harmless virus. inject that and it will replicate and you can make antibodies
what did the delta strain change
mutation that increase transmissibility
obstructive or restrictive:
croup
restrictive./infectious
pancreatic insufficiency from CF results in what
weird stools
malnutrition
abdominal pain
what antibiotics are used together to treat TB
isoniazid
rfampin
what did the beta strain change
spike protein vaccinations that make vaccination less effective
what covid strain: easier transmission but less severe
Omicron
what does dornase alfa do
digest DNA released by lysed cells
what are some common viruses that cause viral pneumonia
chickenpox
adenovirus
influenza
what bacteria tends to cause bacterial pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae
what is typically the cause of death with COVID 19
multi-organ failiure
what drugs can help croup
corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
how does digesting DNA released by lysed cells help CF patients
it reduces mucus viscosity
what causes barrel chest
air trapped in alveoli (pulmonary emphysema)
how does active disease with TB occur
if a tubercule breaks
how does a dysfunctional CFTR affect chloride secretion
it reduces the secretion
how to prevent bronchiectasis
reduce risk measures for other resp illnesses (asthma, bronchitits)
immunization
antibiotics
what are some clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia
fever
tachypnea
cough
rust colour sputum
chest pain
what are the initial symptoms of TB
nothing or mild bronchopneumonia
obstructive or restrictive:
chronic bronchitis
obstructive
do the lungs return to normal between exacerbations in COPD
no
why does viscous mucus increase risk of infections
its a breeding ground for bacteria and if you aren’t moving it around, you’re allowing stagnant bacteria in your lungs
who is bacterial pneumonia deadly for
aged
chronically ill
immunosuppressed
what is the major concern of viral pneumonia
damage to terminal/respiratory bronchioles
what is the most consistent factor in hospital aquired pneumonia
tracheal intubation
what race is more likely to develop cystic fibrosis
caucasians
what is the main destructive effect of pulmonary emphysema
loss of elastic recoil of lungs
