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PHS 3300 > Respiratory pt 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of tests are rapid antigen tests

A

viral tests

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2
Q

what type of pneumonia is typically mild but will progress rapidly and can be fatal in children

A

viral pneumonia

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3
Q

what covid strain:
mutation that increase transmissibility
-prominant 2021 strain

A

delta

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4
Q

What is enterovirus D68

A

a typically mild and cold-like disease that can progress to something more serious like muscle weakness+flaccid paralysis due to spinal cord inflammation

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5
Q

what is a hypercoaguable state

A

when your blood is more likely to clot

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6
Q

what is the most common cause of croup

A

parainfluenza virus

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7
Q

what causes the airway to narrow with croup

A

subglottic inflammation and edema

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8
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
tuberculosis

A

restrictive/infectious

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9
Q

describe the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia

A

acute inflmmatory response leads to water+plasma proteins to lower lung lobes

causes rbcs, fibrin and plymorhonuclear leukocytes to infiltrate alveoli

build up of these is a medium for the spread and proliferation of bacteria

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10
Q

how does covid 19 replicate

A

in alveolar epithelial cells - destroying them

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11
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
viral pneumonia

A

restrictive/infectious

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12
Q

what is a barking cough associated with

A

croup

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13
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

continued bronchial inflammation + increase in productive cough/dyspnea

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14
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
covid 19

A

restricitve/infectious

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15
Q

what does the ENaC channel do

A

reabsorbs sodium into cells

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16
Q

how does a dysfunctional CFTR affect sodium reabsorption

A

a normal CFTR would inhibit the reabsorption, but a faulty one does NOT inhibit ENaC

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17
Q

why can aspiration pneumonia be associated with bacterial pneumonia

A

because aspiring water in a near drowning incident will have lots of bacteria in it

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18
Q

are men fully infertile in CF

A

yes, they still produce sperm but it cant get through the vas deferens

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19
Q

what ribonuclease can be used to treat CF

A

dornase alfa

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20
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
Bronchiectasis

A

obstructive

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21
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
bacterial pneumonia

A

restrictive/infectious

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22
Q

what is pulmonary emphysema a late manifestation of

A

repeated inflammatory episodes of chronic bronchitis

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23
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

permanent dilation and distortion of bronchi and bronchioles

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24
Q

what covid strain:
spike protein vaccinations that make vaccination less effective

A

beta

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25
Q

what hurts the lung ventilation capacity with chronic bronchitis

A

excessive secretion of mucus that obstructs airways

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26
Q

how does breathing sound for someone with croup

A

varking cough
stridor

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27
Q

what does COPD stand for

A

chronic obsturctive pulmonary disease

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28
Q

what is the most common upper respiratory obstruction in children

A

croup

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29
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
pulmonary emphysema

A

obstructive

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30
Q

what is SARS

A

a coronaviral infection that rapidly developed into pneumonia

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31
Q

what is pulmonary emphysema

A

permanent enlargement of alveoli and deterioration of alveolar walls

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32
Q

what covid strain:
spike protein mutated - antibody binding affected
transmissibility up

A

alpha

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33
Q

what did the omicron strain change

A

easier transmission but less severe

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34
Q

what does pulmonary emphysema typically lead to

A

barrel chest

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35
Q

what is the most common chronic pulmonary disease

A

pulmonary emphysema

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36
Q

what are some symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

chronic productive cough
dyspnea
fever
weight loss

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37
Q

what do covid antibody tests tell us

A

if you were ever infected

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38
Q

why does lower chloride secretion and higher sodium reabsorption cause thicker mucus

A

water follows solutes, if theres no solutes in the mucus, it’ll leave and the mucus will be less dilute

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39
Q

what covid test tells us if we have ever been infected

A

antibody tests

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40
Q

2% of pulmonary emphysema are caused by:

A

genetic anti alpha trypsin

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41
Q

what causes bronchiectasis

A

breakdown of airway SM and CT due to chronic infection/inflammation

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42
Q

what is chronic bronchitis typically due to

A

long term exposure to irritants

43
Q

what is dornase alfa used to treat

A

Cystic fibrosis

44
Q

why does Pul emphysema cause hypercapnia

A

destruction of alveolar walls makes it hard to transfer CO2 out of blood

45
Q

definition of pneumonia

A

inflammation of respiratory unit tissues

46
Q

what is a coronavirus

A

family of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope with club shaped spike proteins

47
Q

cystic fibrosis is rare in what populations

A

indigenous
african canadian

48
Q

what is an at home treatment for mild croup

A

steam inhalation - help move mucus/lubricate throat

49
Q

what is legionnares disease

A

a bronchopneumonia caused by gram negative rod bacterium

50
Q

is croup typically viral or bacterial

A

viral

51
Q

name the 4 diagnostic criteria for CF

A

inc Na and Cl in sweat
low panc enzymes in GI secretions
chronic resp infections
family history

52
Q

what does a hypercoagulable state cause

A

thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

53
Q

how do mRNA vaccines work

A

you inject mRNA with instructions to making the spike protein so that it is created by your own cells and you can make antibodies

54
Q

what are the 5 main variants of COVID

A

alpha
beta
delta
gamma
omicron

55
Q

what covid test tells us if we are currently infected

A

viral tests (rapid antigen)

56
Q

what are teh two kinds of covid vaccines

A

mRNA
viral vector vaccine

57
Q

what are some risk factors for COPD

A

smoking
family hisotyr
lung irritants
medical history (ie frequent resp illnesses as a kid)

58
Q

what disease is known as the “blue bloater”

A

chronic bronchitis

59
Q

what kind of enzyme is dornase alfa

A

ribonuclease

60
Q

what causes cystic fibrosis

A

a faulty CFTR protein

61
Q

what makes alveoli more vulnerable to expiratory collapse (pulmonary emphysema)

A

undermined support structure for airways due to alveolar destructin

62
Q

is the incidence of bronchiectasis inc or dec? why

A

decreasing
more effective treatment of other resp illnesses

63
Q

TB bacteria are walled off in fibrous/calcified things known as

A

tubercles
granulomas

64
Q

are women fully infertile in CF

A

no, theyre less fertile though

65
Q

what covid strain:
3 spike protein mutations - increase attachment to human cells but less transmissible

A

gamma

66
Q

what bacteria causes tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

67
Q

what are some management ideas for chronic bronchitis

A

bronchodilators
flu/pneumonia/COVID vaccines
quitting smoking

68
Q

what do viral covid test tell us

A

if you are currently infected

69
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
cystic fibrosis

A

obstructive

70
Q

what did the alpha strain change

A

spike protein mutated - antibody binding affected
transmissibility up

71
Q

what did the gamma strain change

A

spike protein mutations - increase attachment to human cells but less transmissible

72
Q

what causes a hypercoagulable state with covid 19

A

endothelial cell injuries that prevent them to promote vasodilation, fibrinolysis and inhibit aggregation

73
Q

what is so concerning about pulmonary emphysema

A

there are no symptoms until the disease progresses

74
Q

what are the characteristics of cystic fibrosis

A

over secretion of viscous mucus that clogs resp system + increases risk of infections

75
Q

what 3 things cause infection with bacterial pneumonia

A

decreased bactericidal ability of alveolar macrophages
extreme virulence of bacteria
increased susceptibility of host

76
Q

what disease would you find a prolonged expiration phase in

A

pulmonary emphysema

77
Q

what is Legionnaires disease caused by

A

gram negative rod bacterium

78
Q

hoe does the viral vector vaccine work

A

you extract genetic material of the spike protein and attach it to an unrelated harmless virus. inject that and it will replicate and you can make antibodies

79
Q

what did the delta strain change

A

mutation that increase transmissibility

80
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
croup

A

restrictive./infectious

81
Q

pancreatic insufficiency from CF results in what

A

weird stools
malnutrition
abdominal pain

82
Q

what antibiotics are used together to treat TB

A

isoniazid
rfampin

83
Q

what did the beta strain change

A

spike protein vaccinations that make vaccination less effective

84
Q

what covid strain: easier transmission but less severe

A

Omicron

85
Q

what does dornase alfa do

A

digest DNA released by lysed cells

86
Q

what are some common viruses that cause viral pneumonia

A

chickenpox
adenovirus
influenza

87
Q

what bacteria tends to cause bacterial pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

88
Q

what is typically the cause of death with COVID 19

A

multi-organ failiure

89
Q

what drugs can help croup

A

corticosteroids to reduce inflammation

90
Q

how does digesting DNA released by lysed cells help CF patients

A

it reduces mucus viscosity

91
Q

what causes barrel chest

A

air trapped in alveoli (pulmonary emphysema)

92
Q

how does active disease with TB occur

A

if a tubercule breaks

93
Q

how does a dysfunctional CFTR affect chloride secretion

A

it reduces the secretion

94
Q

how to prevent bronchiectasis

A

reduce risk measures for other resp illnesses (asthma, bronchitits)
immunization
antibiotics

95
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia

A

fever
tachypnea
cough
rust colour sputum
chest pain

96
Q

what are the initial symptoms of TB

A

nothing or mild bronchopneumonia

97
Q

obstructive or restrictive:
chronic bronchitis

A

obstructive

98
Q

do the lungs return to normal between exacerbations in COPD

A

no

99
Q

why does viscous mucus increase risk of infections

A

its a breeding ground for bacteria and if you aren’t moving it around, you’re allowing stagnant bacteria in your lungs

100
Q

who is bacterial pneumonia deadly for

A

aged
chronically ill
immunosuppressed

101
Q

what is the major concern of viral pneumonia

A

damage to terminal/respiratory bronchioles

102
Q

what is the most consistent factor in hospital aquired pneumonia

A

tracheal intubation

103
Q

what race is more likely to develop cystic fibrosis

A

caucasians

104
Q

what is the main destructive effect of pulmonary emphysema

A

loss of elastic recoil of lungs

PHS 3300 (19 decks)

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