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PHS 3300 > Cardiac pt 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what can identify coronary plaque burden or vulnerable plaques

A

MRI
CT

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2
Q

what is chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy typically due to

A

slow, progressive ddeath of myocytes from chronic ischemia

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3
Q

what is the most common cause of CHD

A

atherosclerosis

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4
Q

if you want to assess the L side of the heard with a catheter, what artery do you insert it in

A

brachial artery (goes to aorta)

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5
Q

what type of angina is unrelated to causes of increased myocardial oxygen demand

A

prinzmetal/vasospastic

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6
Q

what do st segment changes indicate

A

injury and ischmeia

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7
Q

what does a coronary angiography do

A

visualizes coronary arteries with florescent dies

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8
Q

patients with transient myocardial ischemia present clinically with:

A

stable angina pectoris
ischemic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

what type of angina is characterized by a fixed coronary obstruction blocking response to increased O2 demand

A

stable

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10
Q

how does atherosclerosis cause cardiac ischemia

A

thrombus formation
coronary vasospasm
endothelial cell dysfunction

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11
Q

what are acute coronary syndromes

A

acute changes in plaque morphology

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12
Q

what are the 3 ECG changes indicating and MI

A

ST depression
ST elevation
T wave inversion

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13
Q

what do people with ACS present with

A

unstable angina
myocardial infarction

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14
Q

what were MIs and unstable angina typically distingused by

A

the prescence of absense of serum biomarker levels

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15
Q

what arteries does atherosclerosis typically develop in

A

large and medium sized arteries

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16
Q

what are some isoforms that are released when cardiomyocytes are damaged

A

CK-MB
troponin

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17
Q

what is a STEMI

A

total occlusion of main coronary BV

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18
Q

elevated levels of what is a highly specific indactor of MI

A

CK-MB

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19
Q

what is cardiac ischemia

A

oxygen supply is insufficient to meet metabolic demands

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20
Q

what are the 3 patterns of angina pectoris

A

stable/typical
vasospastic/prinzmetal
unstable/crescendo

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21
Q

what are some signs an symptoms of MI

A

pain
nausea
diaphoresis
vomiting

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22
Q

if the ECG shows an st elevation, it is a

A

STEMI

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23
Q

what test can provide estimations of EF and ventricular sys and dia function

A

echocardiography

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24
Q

what do you need to identify acute and chronic MI

A

contrast media with MRI

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25
Q

what are chronic coronary syndromes typically due to

A

chronic obstruction from STABLE atherosclerotic plaques

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26
Q

who would normally have chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy

A

elderly individuals

27
Q

what test can show an image of cardiac structure and motion within the chest

A

echocardiography

28
Q

what test uses electrodes

A

electrocardiography

29
Q

when does significant blood flood reduction occur with atherosclerosis

A

when plaque occupies over 75% of vessel lumen

30
Q

what can an MRI identify

A

myocardial thickening
valve structures
congenital malformations

31
Q

what is chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy

A

heart failure that develops due to progressive ischemic myocardial damage

32
Q

if the ECG shows no st elevation and is positive for biomarkers, it is a

A

NSTEMI

33
Q

what test is useful for imaging cardiac structures

A

MRI
CT

34
Q

what does cardiac catheterizaton directly measure

A

pressure within cardiac chambers

35
Q

if you want to assess the R side of the heart with a catheter, what artery do you insert it in

A

femoral (goes to inferior vena cava)

36
Q

what test uses reflected sound waves

A

echocardiography

37
Q

what are some non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease

A

age
gender
family history
ethnicity

38
Q

what is a NSTEMI

A

a partial occlusion of main coronary BV

39
Q

what is the treatment for STEMI

A

acutre reperfusion therapy and fibrinolytics

40
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease

A

lipid
non-lipid (hypertension, smoking)
obesity
poor diet
sedentary lifestyle

41
Q

what is the treatment for an unstable angina

A

percutaneous coronary intervention

42
Q

what scan can evaluate cardiac perfusion

A

SPECT

43
Q

what are the two maintreatment goals for an MI’s ischemia

A

increase myocardial O2 supply
decrease myocardial workload

44
Q

what are the MI compensatory responses

A

increase SV and maintian CO

45
Q

what is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death

A

lethal dysrhythmia

46
Q

what is prinzmetal angina relieved by

A

calcium channel blockers - inhibit muscle contraction

47
Q

what is CHD characterized by

A

insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium due to atherosclerotic coronary arteries

48
Q

if the ECG shows no st elevation and is negative for biomarkers, it is a

A

unstable angina

49
Q

what are the 3 primary indicators of an MI

A

signs and symptoms
ECG changes
serum biomarkers

50
Q

what do st elevation indicate

A

acute cellular injury - ischmeia and injury ongoin

51
Q

what is stable angina relived by

A

nitrates
rest

52
Q

what test provides a graphic illustration of the electrical currents

A

electrocardiography

53
Q

what type of angin is unpredictable

A

prinzmetal/vasospastic

54
Q

what type of angina is predictable

A

stable

55
Q

what is the sequelae of CHD

A

angina pectoris
myocardial infarction
dysrhythmia
heart failiure
sudden cardiac death

56
Q

what are the two critical factors affecting cellular demand for O2

A

rate of coronary perfusion
myocardial workload

57
Q

cold spots in nuclear cardiography indicate what

A

inadequate perfusion

58
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

intermittent chest pain

59
Q

what test assesses the adequacy of blood flow to cardiac tissues

A

nuclear cardiography

60
Q

what are the 5 steps of atherosclerosis

A

chronic endothelial injury
endolthelial dysfunciton
macrophage activation
macropahge/SM cells engulf lipid
SM proliferation

61
Q

most cases of sudden cardiac death are associated with

A

coronary atherosclerosis

62
Q

what is angina pectorsi precipitated by

A

increased O2 demand

63
Q

how does nuclear cardiography work

A

radioactive substances are injected into the bloodstream to trace the patterns of blood flow

PHS 3300 (19 decks)

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