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PHS 3300 > Respiratory pt 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some conditions that can cause orthopnea

A

left ventricular heart failure
pulmonary edema

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2
Q

describe cheyne-stokes respirations

A

alternating apnea and hyperventilation

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3
Q

what is the purpose of kussmaul breathing

A

to unload CO2

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4
Q

central sleep apnea

A

defect in respiratory centre

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5
Q

what is exudative pleural effusion

A

fluid in pleural cavity has proteins - inflammation, infection, malignancies

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6
Q

true or false:
sypathetic nervous system constricts the bronchioles

A

false - it dilates the bronchioles

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7
Q

Hyperventilation

A

breathing very fast and deeply, exhaling more air than you take in

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8
Q

when does surfactant production occur

A

late in gestation

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9
Q

name some signs of dyspnea

A

flaring nostrils
accessory muscle use

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10
Q

what kind of disease would have a low forced vital capacity

A

restrictive

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11
Q

what does stridor signal

A

airway obstruction

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12
Q

apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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13
Q

name 4 symptoms of ARDS

A

dyspnea
sever hypoxemia
decreased lung compliance
diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates

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14
Q

what is a diffuse pulmonary infiltrates

A

anything more dense than air

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15
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

having too much CO2 in your blood

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16
Q

what triggers periods of hyperventilation with cheyne-stokes respirations

A

rising levels of CO2

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17
Q

forced vital capacity test

A

deep breath in and then exhale forcibly

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18
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in intrapleural space

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19
Q

what is dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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20
Q

what things can crackles in resp signmal

A

pneumonia
pulmonary fibrosis

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21
Q

what are the 4 kinds of hypoxia

A

anemic
ischemic
histotoxic
hypoxemic

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22
Q

what keeps fluid from moving into alveoli from capillaries

A

surfactant

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23
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

relaxation of muscles that support soft tissues of throat

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24
Q

what are the two main types of acute obstructive airway disease

A

acute bronchitis
asthma

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25
Q

what does hyperventilation result in

A

hypocapnia

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26
Q

what are teh typical treatments for asthma

A

bronchodilators
corticosteroids
(via a nebulizer typically)

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27
Q

minute ventilation test

A

total air in or out in one minute

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28
Q

what kind of disease would have a low forced expiratory volume

A

obstructive

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

what occurs with rapid deep breathing

A

CO2 flushed out
pH rises

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31
Q

what does ARDS stand for

A

acute/adult respiratory distress syndrome

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32
Q

what can a low PCO2 cause with regards to breathing

A

hypoventilation and can cause periods of apnea

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33
Q

what are the two kinds of sleep apnea

A

obstructive
central

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34
Q

describe asthma

A

episodic acute airway obsturction resulting from stimuli that would not elicit a response in non-asthmatic individuals

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35
Q

hypoxia vs hypoxemia

A

hypoxia: low oxygen levels in your tissues
hypoxemia: low oxygen levels in your blood

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36
Q

only having water in the alveoli would cause what and when

A

alveolar collapse during expiration

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37
Q

describe the early acute phase of extrinsic asthma

A

narrowing of airway that peaks within 15-30 mins (bronchospasm mainly)

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38
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

too few RBCs or RBCs with abnormal Hb

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39
Q

leakage of water, protein, inflammatory cells and RBCs into interstitum and alveolar lumen

This is known as what

A

hyaline membrane disease

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40
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

blood circulation impaired

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41
Q

in obstructive diseases is forced expiratory volume high or low

A

low

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42
Q

what is the most important stimulus of surfactant

A

normal ventilation

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43
Q

what is the proliferative phase of lung injuries

A

replacement of type 1 and 2 cells

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44
Q

what kind of asthma typically goes into remission in early adulthood

A

extrinsic

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45
Q

what things can cause clubbing

A

diseases that interfere with oxygenation

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46
Q

what does hypoventilation result in

A

hypercapnia

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47
Q

Hyperpnea

A

breathing more deeply but not necessarily faster

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48
Q

what occurs with acute bronchitis

A

inc mucus secretion
inc bronchial swelling
dysfunction of cilia
= nonproductive cough and resistance to expiratory airflow

49
Q

describe the air capacity values in restrictive pulm diseases and why

A

dec VC
dec TLC
dec FRC
dec RV d

due to limited lung expansion

50
Q

damage to the alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium causes what

A

leakage of water, protein, inflammatory cells and RBCs into interstitum and alveolar lumen

51
Q

what tends to be the cause of intrinsic asthma

A

multiple resp tract infections

52
Q

what can cause immediate lung collapse

A

any condition that equalizes intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure

53
Q

what causes RDS

A

surfactant deficiency

54
Q

what two things does lung compliance depend on

A

elasticity of lung tissue
elasticity of thoracic cage

55
Q

what can pulmonary function tests distinguist between

A

obstructive pulmonary disease
restrictive diseases

56
Q

what Ig triggers extrinsic asthma

A

IgE

57
Q

what are some obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

bronchitis
asthma

58
Q

when does skin become blueish with hypoxia

A

when spo2 is under 75%

59
Q

what is oxygen toxicitiy

A

oxygen is toxic to surfactant producing cells, and supports a high level of production of free radicals

60
Q

air in intrapleural space

A

pneumothorax

61
Q

describe the stage of lung injury
excessive collage deposition as lung attempts to self repair

A

fibrotic phase

62
Q

oxygen saturation varies between what two values with cheyne-stokes respirations

A

90-100

63
Q

can intrinsic asthma be helped with allergy shots

A

no

64
Q

what type of drug use is controversial for lung management and not suggested early in disease

A

steroid use

65
Q

what type of cells produce surfactant

A

type 2 cells

66
Q

what depth of breathing would you find with tachypnea

A

shallow breaths

67
Q

describe the stage of lung injury:
replacement of type 1 and 2 cells

A

proliferative phase

68
Q

what things can cause cheyne-stokes respirations

A

anything that slows blood flow to brain
ie heart failure, brainstem diseases

69
Q

what is the fibrotic phase of lung injury

A

excessive collage deposition as lung attempts to self repair

70
Q

what is hypocapnia

A

low blood levels of CO2

71
Q

what are the 3 phases an injured lung goes through

A

exudative phase
proliferative phase
fibrotic phase

72
Q

is intrinsic asthma seasonal

A

no

73
Q

what allows lungs to slide during breathing

A

pleural fluid

74
Q

lung compliance

A

ease with which lungs can be distended per unit change in pressure

75
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

76
Q

what are some common features of asthma

A

hyperresponsiveness/i nflammatory response in airways

77
Q

what does RDS stand for

A

respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

78
Q

what is trasudative pleural effusion

A

watery fluid - disorders that increase bp or decrease capillary oncotic pressure

79
Q

what does IgE do with extrinsic asthma

A

interacts with mast cells leading to histamine, protaglandins and leukotriene release

80
Q

what is orthopnea typically caused by

A

increased fluid in lung that is helped by being upright

81
Q

who does IRDS affect

A

premature babies who dont have enough surfactant

82
Q

what is a eupnea tidal volume

A

400-800mL

83
Q

what are the two phases of extrinsic asthma

A

early acute
late phase

84
Q

resistance of respiratory passageway is determined by what

A

diameter of conducting tubes

85
Q

what 3 pathophiological things occur with exxtrinsic asthma

A

constriciton of bronchial smooth muscle
increased secretion of goblet cells
mucosal swelling

86
Q

of those who do recover from ARDS, most regain what percent of lung function after one year

A

75

87
Q

what values of CO2 would you expect in someone whos hypocapnic

A

under 36mm Hg

88
Q

describe the air capacity values in obstructive pulm diseases and why

A

inc TLC
inc FRC
inc RV

due to hyperinflation of lungs

89
Q

what are some restrictive pulm diseases

A

TB
polio
pulmonary fibrosis

90
Q

name 3 underlying causes of ARDS

A

reduced perfusion
increased capillary permeability
direct tissue/capillary insults

91
Q

what things can cause tachypnea

A

lung disease
obesity
pulmonary embolism

92
Q

describe the late phase of extrinsic asthma

A

peaks in 2-6 h
due to airway edema plus mucus production

93
Q

what is a healthy minute ventilation (volume)

A

6L per min

94
Q

what is the overall mortality of ARDS

A

32-45%

95
Q

what is clubbings

A

selective bulbous enlargement of a distal segment of a digit

96
Q

who does intrinsic asthma affect

A

adults, most commonly women

97
Q

true or false: obstruction is intermittent and reversible for asthma and acutre bronchitis

A

true

98
Q

bradypnea

A

under 12 breaths per min

99
Q

what type of ventilation prevents alveolar collapse

A

positive pressure ventilation

100
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

caused by metabolic poisons wehre you have enough O2 but cant use it

101
Q

what breathing pattern can lead to atelectasis

A

hypoventilation

102
Q

what values of CO2 would be present with hypercapnia

A

PCO2 over 44mm Hg

103
Q

tachypnea

A

over 20 breaths per minute

104
Q

what things can cause bradypnea

A

narcotic overuse
brain disorder
hypothyroidism

105
Q

what is the most common presenting symptom of pleural effusion

A

dyspnea

106
Q

what is pleurisy

A

the pleura become inflamed

107
Q

in a restrictive disease, is forced vital capacity high or low

A

low

108
Q

what occurs with CO2 during slow, shallow breathing

A

CO2 accumulates in blood
pH drops

109
Q

what does surfactant do

A

reduce surface tension due to water molecules - prevents alveoli collapse

110
Q

describe kussmaul breathing

A

deep, rapid breaths

111
Q

what waterproofs lungs

A

surfactant

112
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia

A

reduced arterial PO2

113
Q

what is the most common type of asthma

A

extrinsic asthma
(allergic)

114
Q

orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing when lying down

115
Q

bronchospasm

A

constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

116
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

pushing out as much air as possible

117
Q

what are some neural influences on resp passageway resistance

A

parasympathetic: constirction of bronchioles (irritants, histamine)

sympathetic: dilates bronchioles - decreased resistance

118
Q

what does pleurisy cause on breathing

A

sharp chest pain that worsens during breathing

PHS 3300 (14 decks)

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