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PHS 3300 > Lec 1 - GI disorders > Flashcards

Lec 1 - GI disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria causes scarlet fever

A

Group A streptococcus

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2
Q

what does chronic gastritis cause

A

thinning and degernation of gastric wall

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3
Q

myotomy

A

cut GE sphincter muscles

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4
Q

what does myxovirus cause

A

mumps

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5
Q

what is emesis

A

vominting

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6
Q

Word for “difficulty in swallowing”

A

Dysphagia

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7
Q

What big symptom does group A streptococcus cause

A

Strawberry tongue

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8
Q

Describe stomatits

A

ulcerative inflammation of one or more areas of oral mucosa

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9
Q

what division of the ANS stimulates saliva production

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

what gastritis is typically superficial erosion

A

acute

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11
Q

why can lipid soluble drugs cause gastric bleeding

A

creates a path through stomach mucosa into blood stream - can allow blood to ente

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12
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

break in the diaphragm to allow esophagus to enter abdomen

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13
Q

what are PGs

A

prostaglandins

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14
Q

why is inhibition of PGs bad

A

they make mucus, and inhibition means less of a barrier for epithelial cells

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15
Q

Another word for a dry mouth

A

Xerostomia

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16
Q

what is the treatment for acute gastritis

A

antacids
stopping drugs
antibiotics if H pylori
PPI or H2 blocket for less acid

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17
Q

what type of chronic gastritis is associated with persistent inflammation (h pylori)

A

antral
Type B

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18
Q

what produces urease

A

h pylori

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19
Q

what does pepsin do

A

digest proteins

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20
Q

what stimulates vagus nerve - increases gastric secretions

A

insulin

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21
Q

what type of chronic gastritis is not associated with function losses

A

antral
Type B

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22
Q

What are PPIs used for

A

treating GERD

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23
Q

what is a risk factor for h pylori

A

age

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24
Q

sympathetic division of ANS ______saliva secretion

A

inhibits

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25
Q

What does GERD stand for

A

Gastroesophageal refulx

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26
Q

how do nicotine and caffeine influence the stomach

A

increase amount and acidity of gastric secretions

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27
Q

What causes strawberry tongue

A

Scarlet fever

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28
Q

how do corticosteroids or stress influence the stomach

A

increase acid/pepsinogen secretion

decrease blood flow to stomach wall

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29
Q

Angular stomatits is also known as

A

Angular chelitis

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30
Q

what type of chronic gastritis is more common

A

Antral
Type B

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31
Q

what type of chronic gastritis is auto-immune

A

fundal
Type A

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32
Q

What is esophagitis

A

inflammation of esophageal mucosa

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33
Q

what hiatal hernia typically needs surgery

A

rolling - can cut off blood supply to part of the stomach

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34
Q

is reflux common in rolling hiatal hernias?

A

no, because GE remains below diaphragm

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35
Q

what is manometry

A

pressure catheter inserted to measure pressure changes in esophagus during swallowing

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36
Q

how do aspirin, alcohol, bile salts influence the stomach

A

alter permeability of epithelial barrier

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37
Q

cut GE sphincter muscles surgery name

A

myotomy

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38
Q

why is esophageal cancer so deadly

A

; usually asymptomatic until unresectable

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39
Q

What causes oral thrush

A

Candida albicans

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40
Q

how to diagnose esophageal cancer

A

endoscopy+biopsy
barium swallow

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41
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing

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42
Q

What are esophageal varices

A

protrusion of esophageal veins into esophageal lumen

veins into lumen

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43
Q

breath tests can diagnose what bacteria

A

h pylori

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44
Q

what is gravol to H1 receptors

A

an antagonist

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45
Q

what does helicobacter pylori produce

A

urease

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46
Q

What is the average saliva output

A

1000-1500ml/day

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47
Q

What hiatal hernia is sporadic

A

sliding

48
Q

What causes mumps

A

myxovirus

49
Q

what alter permeability of epithelial barrier

A

asprin
alcohol
bile salts

50
Q

what does stress do for achalasia

A

increase the symptoms

51
Q

What is achalasia

A

an uncommon disorder of esophageal motility

52
Q

what increase acid/pepsinogen secretion

decrease blood flow to stomach wall

A

corticosteroids
stress

53
Q

what do NSAIDS do in the stomach

A

inhibit PG release
^ they make mucus

54
Q

what is the strongest acid stimulator

A

histamine

55
Q

what hiatal hernia is continuous

A

rolling

56
Q

what stimulates vomiting

A

CNS

57
Q

What are the 3 typical acid stimulators

A

Gastrin
Histamine
ACh

58
Q

what are the symptoms of gerd

A

substernal pain

59
Q

where does h pylori embed

A

mucus layer of stomach

60
Q

Xerostomia

A

A dry mouth

61
Q

name some ways to treat achalasia

A

small meals
dialation of GE sphincter with balloon
Myotomy
Botox

62
Q

what increase amount and acidity of gastric secretions

A

caffeine and nicotine

63
Q

rolling hiatal hernia

A

part of greater curvature of stomach protrudes through 2nd or enlarged opening in diaphragm

64
Q

what occurs with achalasia

A

atrophy of smooth muscle
degeneration of esophageal ganglion cells

65
Q

how does insulin influence the stomach

A

stimulates vagus nerve - increases gastric secretions

66
Q

what causes esophageal varices

A

portal hypertension (cirrhosis)

67
Q

who typically has chronic gastritis

A

elderly people

68
Q

What are the two kinds of gastritis, and the two places it affects

A

acute
chronic
fundus
antrum

69
Q

Which is more common: sliding or hiatial hernia

A

sliding (90%)

70
Q

What can GERD cause long term

A

esophagitis
barretts esophagus

71
Q

what are 3 potential causes for hiatal hernias

A

defect in diaphragm
weakening of diaphragm muscles
increased abdominal pressure

72
Q

what kind of drugs can easily cross stomach mucosa into blood

A

lipid soluble

like asprin

73
Q

concerns with prolonged vomiting

A

dehydration
acid base balance

74
Q

What is the target of achalasia treatment

A

The GE sphincter

75
Q

Barretts esophagus

A

cells lining esophagus change into simple columnar (same as stomach)

76
Q

what percent of hiatal hernias are rolling

A

10

77
Q

what decreases output of mucus by gastric mucosa

A

asprin

78
Q

What is a side effect of relaxing the GE sphincter

A

GERD

79
Q

What are the symptoms of infections/ stones in salivary glands

A

Pain and swelling when getting ready to eat - saliva production

80
Q

why are we concerned with vein rupture with esophageal varices

A

because the veins are so thin walled

81
Q

What do PPIs act on

A

the proton pump

82
Q

What is an H2 blocker

A

Histamine - 2 blocker
(2nd receptor is the one responsible for making acid in the stomach)

83
Q

Where is the GE sphincter supposed to lie

A

at the level of the diaphragm

84
Q

Esophageal cancer prognosis

A

16%, very poor

85
Q

Barretts esophagus increases the risk of:

A

adenocarcinoma
cancer

86
Q

what is acute gastritis typically from

A

injury of mucosal barrier via drugs or H pylori

87
Q

what are the symptoms of gastritis

A

abdominal disconfort
bleeding
epigastric tenderness

88
Q

what center in the brain activates emesis

A

emetic center in medulla

89
Q

sliding hiatal hernia

A

stomach + GE sphincter slide through esophageal hiatus (when lying down or abdominal pressure increases)

90
Q

What can longterm use of PPIs lead to

A

malabsorption of B12, iron, magnesium, calcium

91
Q

what represents 5-10% of GI malignancies

A

esophageal cancer

92
Q

what type of chronic gastritis is most severe

A

fundal
Type A

93
Q

what does emetic center do (3)

A

muscles of abdominal wall and diaphragm contract
GE spincter relaxes
soft palate rises to close nasal passages

94
Q

pressure catheter inserted to measure pressure changes in esophagus during swallowing

A

Manometry

95
Q

What are NSAIDS

A

non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

96
Q

inflammation of gastric mucosa

A

gastritis

97
Q

what is the mortality for ruptures esophageal varices

A

40%

98
Q

what is the most effective way to diagnose GERD

A

pH measurement and biopsy

99
Q

what disease causes GE tone loss

A

Achalasia

100
Q

What does candida albicans cause

A

Oral thrush

101
Q

Name the 5 most common symptoms of GI disorders

A

Dysphagia
Esophageal/abdominal pain
Vomiting (emesis)
Gas
Diarrhea/constipation

102
Q

What is gastritis

A

inflammation of gastric mucosa

103
Q

What makes GERD pain worse

A

lying down (supine)

104
Q

what are the symptoms of esophageal cancer

A

mild dysphagia
weight loss

105
Q

how can breath tests detect h pylori

A

drink urea with radioactive carbon
urease (h pylori) turns it into NH3 and CO2
breath out radioactive CO2

106
Q

Achalasia is a _______ disease

A

progressive

107
Q

what digests proteins

A

pepsin

108
Q

name 3 things caused by achalasia

A

(i) decreased peristalsis of esophagus
(ii) loss of tone of GE sphincter in between meals
(iii) decreased relaxation of GE sphincter in response to swallowing

109
Q

how do you diagnose achalasia

A

barium swallow
Manometry

110
Q

what is a concern for esophageal varices

A

ruptured veins, tremendous bleeding into GI system

111
Q

how does gravol reduce nausea

A

reduces activation of vestibular/emetic centers via histaminergic neural pathways

112
Q

what is fundal chronic gastritis

A

body makes antibodies to parietal/ gastric cells or intrinsic facts

113
Q

What causes angular chelitis

A

B12 vitamin deficiency

114
Q

what is type A and type B chronic gastritis

A

a - fundal
b - antral

115
Q

who does achalasia affect

A

older individuals

116
Q

what reaction does urease catalyze

A

urea -> NH3 and CO2

PHS 3300 (14 decks)

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