Neoplasia pt 1 Flashcards
abl gene comes from what chromosome
9
where does leukemia originate
bone marrow
why is fluorodeoxyglucose used to detect cancers in PET scans
because cancer cells use so much glucose, they’ll take up most of it
what are ROS’s induced by
radiation
UV
other metabolic cellular stresses
80% of acute leukemias are what kind
acute myeloid leukemias
what two types of oncogenes are there
growth factor receptors/ proteins that help GFR to function
Proteins that are involved in the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation
how many copies of Rb must be mutated in order to result in cancer
both (2)w
name some examples of adenocarcinomas
breast
pancreas
ovary
prostate
how can retinoic acid help treat M2M3 cancers
they cause the cells to mature quickly and are less likely of growht/division
what is leukopenia
reduced immune cell function
how does leukemia spread
through the blood stream
what are teh 4 factors of cancer
autonomous cell growth
altered cellular morphology
malignant
encompasses multiple diseases
what doe ER+/PR+ mean
estrogen receptor positive
progesterone receptor positive
What does Rb (retinoblastoma) do
prevents entry into G1 phase of cell division
why is a loss of an amine not always recognized as a mutation
sometimes itll mutate into a common base like thymine
what is the TNM system based on
extent of the tumor
extent of spread to lymph nodes
presence of metastasis
cancers of epithelial cells are what percent of all cancers
over 90
name some reasons that Ras is so good as an oncogene
inhibits apoptosis
stimulates growth
stimulates proliferation
stimulares protein synthesis and transcription
allows for cell movement metastasis
what percent of cases are hodgkins lymphoma
30
the onset age for acute leukemia is typicall
60+ years
can you develop cancer with only an oncogene OR tumor suppressor mutation
no, you need both
how common is burkitt lymphoma
not super common
what is a somatic mutation
a mutation after birth
What two types of lymphoma can be derived from the LZ of the germinal center
DLBCL
Follicular
how does a point mutation affect a codon
it changes it, changing one of the bases
what are the 4 steps of local invasion
looseining Intracellular junctions
attachment
degradation
migration
how do we treat bcr-abl gene
target the kinase activity
most common malignancy in children 3-7 is what
ALL
what is cachexia
a syndrome of altered metabolic activity resulting in muscle protein loss
what are the two biggest lifestyle and environmental factors for cancer
Diet
Tobacco
what will a tumor create to entice inflammatory cells
cytokines
chemokines
what are the two types of retinoblastoma cancer
non-hereditary (sporadic mutations)
Hereditary (born with one Rb- and only need one somatic muattion)
what does cyclin D do
pushes cells into G1 phase of replication
what does UV irradiation cause with regards to cancer
cross linking of pryimidines
What are teh 3 classifications of DNA mutations
Point
Insertion
Deletion
what is the neuroectoderm
it forms the neural tube and the nerual crest
what is the most common mutation
loss of an amine (NH2)
acute leukemia arises from what kind of cells
immature, rapidly dividing cells
What parts of the body are affected with Li Fraumeni syndrome
SBLA
Sarcoma
Breast
lymph/leukemia
adrenals
Name 2 specific roles of tumor suppressor genes
function as gatekeepers to prevent entry into cell cycle
caretakers to try and maintain DNA
what kind of cells would you be most likely to see HER2 gene amplifications
growth factor cells
what does stage 4 cancer mean
the cancer has spread to another organ
what is used to see cancer in PET scans
flurodeoxyglucose
when tumor cells leave the blood stream and reenter tissue
extravasion
what are neuroectodrmal malignancies
tumours of the neuroectoderm
why is Ras an excellent oncogene
promotes many features of cancer
what system is used to stage a tumour
The TNM system
what is intravasation
when tumor cells enter the blood stream
Name the two oncogene growth factor receptors/ proteins that help GFR to function
HER2/neu
Ras
when tumor cells enter the blood stream
intravasion
what are cancers classified based on
on the tissue from which they develop
where are lymphoma cancers found
in the lymph nodes
pushing cells into G1 has what effect
causes them to proliferate
Describe nonreciprocal interchromosomal translocation
a part of a gene will move to a different gene
better prognoisis occurs with acute leukemia when these cells are involved
M2/M3
describe reed-sternberg cells
binucleated cells derived from B cells
what does the tumor suppressor gene do
inhibits cell proliferation
what is the thing that distinguishes between hodgkins and nonhodgkins lymphoma
Reed-sternberg cells
Name the oncogene protein that are involved in the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation
myc
what are the 3 main subtypes of breast cancer
ER+/PR+
HER2/neu +
Triple negative
Name 3 examples of tumor suppressor genes
Retinoblastoma
p53
BRCA 1/2
what lymph nodes are reed-sternberg cells first evident in typically
cervical
chronic leukemias are most common in what ages
40-50 is the onset
M2 and M3 cell leukemias can be sucessfully treated with what
retinoic acid
how does lymphoma spread
through the lymphatic system
what is a tumor promoter in breast cancer
estrogen smh
an inflammatory response in a tumor does what
can promote growth
what are sarcoma cancers
cancers of connective or non-epithelial tissue
Where does burkitt lymphoma originate from
the dark zone of the germinal center of the lymph nodes
what does the bcr-abl gene do
causes bone marrow cells to make large numbers of abnormal white blood cells
how does HPV cause cervical cancer
it has a protein that causes the destruction of p53
where do non hodgkin lymphomas originate
germinal center of lymph nodes
chronic leukemia is typically what kind of leukocyte
granulocyte
what are the 3 types of translocations
nonreciprocal intrachromosomal
nonreciprocal interchromosomal
reciprocal interchromosomal
what is senescence
where the cell doesnt die but just sits in the tissuew
what is CLL
chronic lymphoid leukemia
most cases of CLL are what kind of leukemias
B cell
what percent of cancers are sarcomas
1
what is dysplasia
the prescence of abnormal cells in a tissue
what are the 2 purine bases
adenine
guanine
what do oncogenes do
promote cell proliferation
what percent of cancers are neuroectodermal malignancies
1
why can senescence be problematic
it releases proteins that helps neighbouring cells divide- can help cancer cells
what is used to treat breast cancers via blocking the estrogen receptor
tamoxifen
what cells are reed-sternberg cells derived from
B cells
What does BPDE do in regards to your DNA
it will add itself to a base covalently - is typically destroyed but sometimes not caught
what is “carcinoma in situ”
an early cancer that is only present in the layer of cells that in began in
How do b cells become reed-sternberg cells
they should have undergone apoptosis but didn’t, so when they try and divide, they cant go through with cytokineses and dont fully divide
what age does retinoblastoma typically develop in
kids younger than 5
what does ROS stand for
reactive oxygen species
what are squamous cell carinomas
cancers of cells that are exposed to the outside
what is the philadelphia chromosomes
specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells
what are the two kinds of genes involved in development of cancer
tumour suppressor gene
Oncogene
what do ROS’s have to do with cancer
they can cause direct damage to DNA bases
what is the antibody used to target cells expressing HER2/neu
Herceptin
what is neoplasia
abnormal cell growth
if BRCA proteins are mutant, what happens
the genome becomes unstable because mutations happen and arent properly repaired
how to tumor cells in the blood stream prevent detection
by interacting and blending in with blood components
what are the 4 dna bases
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
what kind of cancer will you typically see gene amplification
breast cancer
poor prognosis with acute leukemia is associated with what cells
M0/M1
describe nonreciprocal intrachromosomal translocation
parts of a gene will move to a different part in that same gene
who has a better prognosis in ALL children or adults
children
what does myc do
induces the expression of cyclin D to help push cells into G1
why is it hard to detect a brain tumor on a pet scan
because like tumors, the brain uses so much glucose that it’s going to light up anyways
why can cancer cause cachexia
because the tumor uses so much glucose and energy that the body breaks down whatever it can
what does base deamination do
changes the nature of the base to create a point mutation
when B cells encounter antigens, where they go to first in the lymph nodes
Dark zone of the germinal center
if you catch hodgkins lymphoma early, is there a good prognosis
yep
BRCA genes are part of what complex
DNA repair
what are the 2 pyrimidine bases
cytosine
thymine
bcr gene comes from what chromosome
22
name for reduced immune cell function
leukopenia
name some examples of squamous cell carcinomas
skin
lung
cervix
nasal cavity
what are the 3 most common types of lymphoma
follicular
diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Hodgkins
what is the funciton of a tumor promoter
it expands the number of cells with an oncogene activated so that it is more likely that there will be a second mutation in p53 in one of those cells
what is regarded as the most important tumor supressor protein
p53
where does DLBCL originated
The light zone of the germinal center of the lymph nodes
What does DLBCL stand for
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Describe reciprocal interchromosomal translocation
two genes kind of exchange parts of their genes
what does p53 promote the production of
cell death
proteins that stop the cell cycle (ie activate checkpoints)
what is extravasation
when tumor cells leave the blood stream and reenter tissue
Li Fraumeni syndrome has what kind of mutation of the p53 gene
heterozygous
what type of cells are affected by adenocarcinomas
secretory epithelia
what type of lymphoma is derived from immature B cells in the DZ of the germinal center
Burkitt lymphoma
what causes a frameshift in DNA
insertion or deletion of a base
Why is it not really a big deal if the third base changes in an aa
because there are multiple different codes with variations in the third base that code for the same aa
what is ALL
acute lymophoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
what do oncogenes promote
cellular processes necessary for cancer cell proliferation and survival
what in the LZ of the germinal center stimulates B cells to divide
T cells
what is the largest group of cancers
carcinomas
