Neoplasia pt 1 Flashcards
abl gene comes from what chromosome
9
where does leukemia originate
bone marrow
why is fluorodeoxyglucose used to detect cancers in PET scans
because cancer cells use so much glucose, they’ll take up most of it
what are ROS’s induced by
radiation
UV
other metabolic cellular stresses
80% of acute leukemias are what kind
acute myeloid leukemias
what two types of oncogenes are there
growth factor receptors/ proteins that help GFR to function
Proteins that are involved in the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation
how many copies of Rb must be mutated in order to result in cancer
both (2)w
name some examples of adenocarcinomas
breast
pancreas
ovary
prostate
how can retinoic acid help treat M2M3 cancers
they cause the cells to mature quickly and are less likely of growht/division
what is leukopenia
reduced immune cell function
how does leukemia spread
through the blood stream
what are teh 4 factors of cancer
autonomous cell growth
altered cellular morphology
malignant
encompasses multiple diseases
what doe ER+/PR+ mean
estrogen receptor positive
progesterone receptor positive
What does Rb (retinoblastoma) do
prevents entry into G1 phase of cell division
why is a loss of an amine not always recognized as a mutation
sometimes itll mutate into a common base like thymine
what is the TNM system based on
extent of the tumor
extent of spread to lymph nodes
presence of metastasis
cancers of epithelial cells are what percent of all cancers
over 90
name some reasons that Ras is so good as an oncogene
inhibits apoptosis
stimulates growth
stimulates proliferation
stimulares protein synthesis and transcription
allows for cell movement metastasis
what percent of cases are hodgkins lymphoma
30
the onset age for acute leukemia is typicall
60+ years
can you develop cancer with only an oncogene OR tumor suppressor mutation
no, you need both
how common is burkitt lymphoma
not super common
what is a somatic mutation
a mutation after birth
What two types of lymphoma can be derived from the LZ of the germinal center
DLBCL
Follicular
how does a point mutation affect a codon
it changes it, changing one of the bases
what are the 4 steps of local invasion
looseining Intracellular junctions
attachment
degradation
migration
how do we treat bcr-abl gene
target the kinase activity
most common malignancy in children 3-7 is what
ALL
what is cachexia
a syndrome of altered metabolic activity resulting in muscle protein loss
what are the two biggest lifestyle and environmental factors for cancer
Diet
Tobacco
what will a tumor create to entice inflammatory cells
cytokines
chemokines
what are the two types of retinoblastoma cancer
non-hereditary (sporadic mutations)
Hereditary (born with one Rb- and only need one somatic muattion)
what does cyclin D do
pushes cells into G1 phase of replication
what does UV irradiation cause with regards to cancer
cross linking of pryimidines
What are teh 3 classifications of DNA mutations
Point
Insertion
Deletion
what is the neuroectoderm
it forms the neural tube and the nerual crest
what is the most common mutation
loss of an amine (NH2)
acute leukemia arises from what kind of cells
immature, rapidly dividing cells
What parts of the body are affected with Li Fraumeni syndrome
SBLA
Sarcoma
Breast
lymph/leukemia
adrenals
Name 2 specific roles of tumor suppressor genes
function as gatekeepers to prevent entry into cell cycle
caretakers to try and maintain DNA
what kind of cells would you be most likely to see HER2 gene amplifications
growth factor cells
what does stage 4 cancer mean
the cancer has spread to another organ
what is used to see cancer in PET scans
flurodeoxyglucose
when tumor cells leave the blood stream and reenter tissue
extravasion
what are neuroectodrmal malignancies
tumours of the neuroectoderm
why is Ras an excellent oncogene
promotes many features of cancer
what system is used to stage a tumour
The TNM system
what is intravasation
when tumor cells enter the blood stream
Name the two oncogene growth factor receptors/ proteins that help GFR to function
HER2/neu
Ras
when tumor cells enter the blood stream
intravasion
what are cancers classified based on
on the tissue from which they develop
where are lymphoma cancers found
in the lymph nodes