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PHS 3300 > Lec 2 - GI disorders > Flashcards

Lec 2 - GI disorders Flashcards

1
Q

stage C2 colon/rectal cancer

A

B2 to regional lymph nodes

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2
Q

what are both the IBDs associated with

A

increased risk of colorectal cancer

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3
Q

are hemorrhoids serious

A

no

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4
Q

name two causes of malabsorption

A

problems with digestion

difficulty with absorption through intestinal wall

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5
Q

duodenal ulcers tend to develop in what kinds of people

A

young people
Type O blood

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6
Q

what causes pain with gall stones

A

contractions of the gallbladder

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7
Q

order of most to least common areas for ulcers

A

duodenum
stomach
lower esophagus

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8
Q

what happens to the brush borderwhen a celiac patient eats gluten

A

it becomes thickened and infiltrated with inflammatory cells

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9
Q

what happens when someone who has celiac eats gluten

A

they lose villous epithelium

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10
Q

what are some potential causes of crohns disease

A

autoimmune
genetics
diet
smoking

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11
Q

when will pain occur with gastric ulcers

A

right after eating - eating triggers acid release but theres nothing for the stomach to soak up yet

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12
Q

Describe the extent of damage between the two IBD

A

crohns: full thickness of wall

Ulcerative colitis: only the mucosa

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13
Q

when do colon and rectal cancer typically onset

A

after 50 years old

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14
Q

Name 5 ways duodenal ulcers are created

A

excess parietal cells
prolonged gastrin
too rapid gastric emptying
NSAIDs
cigarette stimulated acid secretion

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15
Q

Crohns disease is a ______ ______ disease

A

chronic inflammatory

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16
Q

what is the primary defect leading to gastric ulcers

A

abnormality that increases the permeability of mucosal barrier

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17
Q

what IBD only occurs in the rectum/colon

A

ulcerative colitis

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18
Q

what does the transport of chloride ions do

A

helps control the movement of water in tissues - necessary for production of thin mucus

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19
Q

what is a polyp

A

little outgrowth of tissue into the lumen of the LI

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20
Q

Stage D colon/rectal cancer

A

metastases in distant sites

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21
Q

Describe the different locations between the two IBD

A

Crohns: any region of GI tract (typically intestines)

Ulcerative colitis: rectum into colon ONLY

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22
Q

what are neoplams

A

they produce hormones that stimulate secretion

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23
Q

how do gallstones affect a person

A

blocks the flow of bile from gallbladder leading to pain

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24
Q

What is liver cirrhosis

A

end disease - enough damage has been done that it doesnt work anymore

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25
Q

how do we help irritable bowel

A

identifying personal triggers and avoiding those

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26
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

a cancer - can block the flow in the GI tract

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27
Q

how do excess parietal cells cause duodenal ulcers

A

they secrete acid, can cause a lower pH

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28
Q

what is a fistula

A

passageway that links an area of the SI with another

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29
Q

what ages are most common to have ulcerative colitis

A

20-40

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30
Q

What does the CFTR protein do

A

functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that provide mucus, sweat, enzymes etc

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31
Q

What gender is irritable bowel syndrome most common in

A

females

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32
Q

what can a barium xray do for UC patients

A

identify loss of haustra

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33
Q

how can pregnancy cause hemorrhoids

A

progesterone slows down motility of LI - constipation

also relaxes SM in LI and BV making varicosities more common

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34
Q

what is the most common symptom of duodenal ulcers

A

Pain 30min-2hr after eating

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35
Q

90-95% of stomach malignancies are ____

A

carcinomas

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36
Q

what are the three kinds of large volume diarrhea

A

osmotic
secretory
mixed (motility)

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37
Q

how does the body compensate with the removal of the gallbladder

A

the bile duct enlarges for storage

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38
Q

Name two treatments beside antacids for duodenal ulcers

A

PPIs
H2 blockers

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39
Q

Name the 5 main types of intestinal obstructions

A

hernia
volvulus
intussusception
neoplasm
adhesions

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40
Q

when do polyps become malignant and highly invasive

A

once they traverse the muscularis mucosae

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41
Q

How does alcohol cause cirrhosis

A

it becomes the primary metabolic feul
affects cell function
generates reactive oxygen species

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42
Q

what causes secretory diarrhea

A

bacterial endotoxins
neoplasmsw

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43
Q

stage A colon and rectal cancer

A

confined to mucosa

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44
Q

What does H pylori provoke

A

inflammatory response - can’t get rid of bacteria and ongoing inflammation damages mucosal cells

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45
Q

name some clinical signs of crohns disease

A

diarrhea
tenderness
malabsorption of B12
blood in stool
nausea etc

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46
Q

what occurs with appendicitis

A

the appendix gets blocked and therefore cannot drain - pressure inc
blood flow decreases and it can burst

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47
Q

describe secretory diarrhea

A

excessive secretion of fluid and electrolytes into intestinal lumen

inhibition of Na or Cl absorption

48
Q

Describe the nature of lesions between the two IBD

A

Crohns: skip lesions
Ulcerative colitis: continuous inflammation that can move proximally

49
Q

what occurs with hemorrhoids

A

the venous plexus around the rectal area dilates

50
Q

what is the primary defect for gastric ulcers

A

abnormality that increases the permeability of the mucosal barrier

51
Q

what antibodies are activated when gluten is eaten with celiac

A

anti gliadin

52
Q

what is obstructive jaundice

A

yellow bile pigments go to blood and then to skin

53
Q

what is a vovulus

A

a twist in the LI that makes a knot and can cause a complete obstruction

54
Q

what is a sigmoidoscopy

A

where you go into the distal part of the colon to look at it

55
Q

what happens to the epithelium when a celiac patient eats gluten

A

it becomes cuboidal rather than columnar

56
Q

why are processed meats a carcinogen?

A

they have nitrites which turn into nitrosamine which is a carcinogen

57
Q

Name the intestinal obstruction:
telescoping of one area, a part pushes back into another and narrows the pathway

A

Intussusception

58
Q

what are some clinical signs of celiac disease

A

weight loss
lots of stinky and fatty poo
hypo-proteinemia

59
Q

what are gastric ulcers typically associated with

A

gastric atrophy - mucus is mostly water

60
Q

Stage B2 colon and rectal cancer

A

to serosa but not lymph nodes

61
Q

how does lactose cause diarrhea

A

it stays in the SI and pulls water with it (it creates osmotic gradients)

62
Q

how does high serum gastrin cause duodenal ulcers

A

strong simulator of acid secretion by parietal cells
*can be caused by H pylori

63
Q

what might be lacking in gastric atrophy secretions

A

intrinsic factor

64
Q

Name the intestinal obstruction:
things pushing down from the outside ie muscle and narrowing the passageway

A

adhesion

65
Q

how is diverticulitis caused

A

strong contractions push some of the lumen out inbetween the 3 bands of longitudinal muscle in the LI

66
Q

what is an intussusception

A

telescoping of one area, a part pushes back into another and narrows the pathway

67
Q

what are ascites

A

fluid that builds up in the abdominal cavity

68
Q

How does lactose cause gas

A

as lactose goes into the LI, the bacteria digest it, but gas is produced as a byproduct

69
Q

what is fibrosis caused by

A

increased production of ECM components

70
Q

Name the intestinal obstruction:
a twist in the LI that makes a knot and can cause a complete obstruction

A

a volvulus

71
Q

Stage C1 colon/rectal cancer

A

B1 to regional lymph nodes

72
Q

Where do we get lactase from

A

it’s a brush border enzyme from the SI

73
Q

True or false: Crohns disease can affecct any segment of the GI tract

A

True

74
Q

what hormones can alter intestinal motility

A

ones at the end of the luteal phase of cycle

75
Q

what is mixed diarrhea

A

the rate of transit through intestine is too quick to allow water to be reabsorbed

76
Q

what is the relationship between CF and the pancreas

A

The lack of CFTR makes very thick mucus and blocks the ducts - causing fibrosis, lack of enzymes, incomplete digestions and then nutritional deficiencies

77
Q

celiac occurs more often in which gender

A

women

78
Q

what part of the SI can cause malabsorption of B12 in crohns disease

A

ileum

79
Q

what are polyps associated with

A

increased risk of colon and rectal cancer

80
Q

Name the intestinal obstruction:
a cancer - can block the flow in the GI tract

A

a neoplasm

81
Q

what happens with crohns disease

A

an inflammaotyr response occurs that goes through the whole thickness and can cause perforations and get part of the intestines stuck to another

82
Q

what happens to epithelial villi when a celiac patient eats gluten

A

they get flattened or absent

83
Q

whats the treatment for duodenal ulcers

A

anything to make the environment less acidic and allow the ulcer to heal

PPI
H2 blocker
antibiotics *h pylori
ulcer coating agents

84
Q

what can cause hemorrhoids

A

constipation
pregnancy

85
Q

what does fibrosis lead to

A

protal hypertension

86
Q

what kind of tenderess is present with appendicitis

A

rebound

87
Q

name 3 key causes of liver cirrhosis

A

alcoholism
viral hepatitis
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

88
Q

which are more chronic - gastric or duodenal ulcers

A

gastric - they also cause more anorexia, vomiting and weight loss

89
Q

Stage B1 colon/rectal cancer

A

muscularis but not to serosa

90
Q

what is an adhesion

A

things pushing down from the outside ie muscle and narrowing the passageway

91
Q

what ages are typically affected by gastric ulcers

A

55-65

92
Q

what is the most common site of ulcers

A

duodenum

93
Q

what is the only definitive diagnosis method for gastric carcinoma

A

gastric biopsy

94
Q

what does lactase do

A

turns lactose (a disaccharide) into a monosaccharide so we can digest it

95
Q

How can a lack of fiber cause diverticulitis

A

it increases the risk of constipation, which means you’ll be straining more to poop

96
Q

why does gastric carcinoma have such a low survival rate?

A

because there are no automatic red flags that say cancer

97
Q

where does ulcerative colitis occur

A

rectum or colon

98
Q

what are some clinical signs of appendicitis

A

pain in the lower right quadrant
nausea
vomiting
low-grade fever

99
Q

how does bile get more concentrated in the gallbladder

A

water and salts get reabsorbed by the lining of the gallbladder - lipid soluble parts get concentrated

100
Q

what is the origin of crohns disease thought to be

A

autoimmune

101
Q

what is a major cause of duodenal ulcers

A

H pylori - but typically not enough

102
Q

what are the two inflammatory bowel diseases

A

crohns disease
ulcerative colitis

103
Q

what is the most common surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

104
Q

whats the releationship between CF and CFTR

A

CFTR is missing an amino acid, and therefore breaks down - cannot reach the cell membrane to transport chloride ions

105
Q

what is appendicitis

A

inflammation of vermiform appendix

106
Q

what is a hernia

A

a little bit of the intestine gets pushed through the abdominal wall and gets stuck there

107
Q

How do bacteria in our digestive system get their nutrition

A

by digesting carbohydrates that we cannot

108
Q

what is an adenocarcinoma

A

cancer of the epithelial cells

109
Q

what are some clinical signs of UC

A

pooping more often
bleeding
pain
fever

110
Q

how do you diagnose celiac

A

do blood work to look for antibodies

get an intestinal biopsy

111
Q

what is different between irritable bowel and colitis

A

irritable bowel doesnt damage the intestinal wall nor does it have an increased risk of colorectal cancer

112
Q

who do gastric ulcers affect most

A

55-65 year olds

113
Q

describe osmotic diarrhea

A

a non-absorbable substance in intestine draws water into lumen by osmosis

114
Q

Name the intestinal obstruction:
a little bit of the intestine gets pushed through the abdominal wall and gets stuck there

A

Hernia

115
Q

how many bands of longitudinal muscle are there in the large intestine

A

3

116
Q

How do you diagnose duodenal ulcers 3

A

barium xray films
flexible endoscopy
gastric biopsy (h pylori)

117
Q

whats the main line of treatment for crohns

A

to supress the immune response

PHS 3300 (14 decks)

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