Diabetes pt 1 Flashcards
what are incretins
polypeptides released by the gut wall during glucose absorption
the transition from prepro-insulin to proinsulin is called what
mRNA transcription in the beta cell
what is glucogenesis
converting glucose into glycogen
where do VLDLs come from
the liver
insulin stimulates the hydrolysis of what two molecules
VLDLs and chylomicrons
what is lipogenesis
the synthesis of triglycerides via glycerol and fatty acids
name some insulin modulators
glucocorticoids
growth hormone
cytokines
gut hormones
neuropepties
how does insulin exist in dilute solutions
as a single molecule (monomer)
what are the microvascular complications with T1 diabetes
nephropathy
neuropathy
retinopathy
What is C-peptide
a byproduct of insulin production in the pancreas
what is the most robust association between inherited suscepitbility for T1d
polymorphisms in HLA
what is lipolysis
triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
How do FFA and insulin react
ffa interfere with the actions of insulin and cause insulin resistance
do you need insulin for T2d
no, you can survive without it
where does preproinsulin becomes proinsulin
Rough ER
what part of the beta cell secretes insulin
the beta cell core
what is lipolysis stimulated by
catecholamines
glucagon
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroxine
what cells secrete glucagon
alpha cells
what do incretins inhibit
stomach emptying during meals to slow glucose absorption
how does insulin play a part with proteins
it stimulates protein formation and inhibits breakdown
are islets of langerhaans richly or poorly innervated
richly
what is the major source of the glycerol backbone
glucose
how are the A and B chains of insulin connected
by two disulfide bridges
what does the beta cell core do
secretes insulin into blood vessels which perfuse the outer islet
what is HLA
human leucocyte antigen
Is C-peptide detectable in T1D
nope
when does glucose act on beta cells
when food is absorbed in the SI
where does insulin from the beta cell go after it is secreted
into blood vessels which then perfuse the outer islet
what glut receptor is used for the CNS
(CHO metabolism)
glut 1
what does insulin stimulate in muscle tissue (CHO metabolism)
translocation of glut4 receptors to membrane
glycogenesis
glycolysis
what are the two kinds of incretins
GLP-1
GIP
where does the cleavage of proinsulin occur
secretory granule of insulin
increase in catecholamines in muscle causes what
glycogen breakdown - availability of glucose
what is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion
glucose
what is the honeymoon period with T1 diabetes
a temporary remission in some people
what is the macrovascular complications with T1 diabetes
ischemic heart disease
what do catecholamines do in skeletal muscle (CHO metabolism)
triggers disintegration of glycogen
where does the pancreas venous drainage go
into the portal vein
what cells secrete insulin
beta cells
what can happen to your muscles with a lack of insulinq
increased protein breakdown and decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)
Is C-peptide detectable in T2D
yes