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PHS 3300 > Diabetes pt 1 > Flashcards

Diabetes pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are incretins

A

polypeptides released by the gut wall during glucose absorption

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2
Q

the transition from prepro-insulin to proinsulin is called what

A

mRNA transcription in the beta cell

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3
Q

what is glucogenesis

A

converting glucose into glycogen

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4
Q

where do VLDLs come from

A

the liver

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5
Q

insulin stimulates the hydrolysis of what two molecules

A

VLDLs and chylomicrons

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6
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

the synthesis of triglycerides via glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

name some insulin modulators

A

glucocorticoids
growth hormone
cytokines
gut hormones
neuropepties

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8
Q

how does insulin exist in dilute solutions

A

as a single molecule (monomer)

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9
Q

what are the microvascular complications with T1 diabetes

A

nephropathy
neuropathy
retinopathy

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10
Q

What is C-peptide

A

a byproduct of insulin production in the pancreas

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11
Q

what is the most robust association between inherited suscepitbility for T1d

A

polymorphisms in HLA

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12
Q

what is lipolysis

A

triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

How do FFA and insulin react

A

ffa interfere with the actions of insulin and cause insulin resistance

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14
Q

do you need insulin for T2d

A

no, you can survive without it

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15
Q

where does preproinsulin becomes proinsulin

A

Rough ER

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16
Q

what part of the beta cell secretes insulin

A

the beta cell core

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17
Q

what is lipolysis stimulated by

A

catecholamines
glucagon
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroxine

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18
Q

what cells secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

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19
Q

what do incretins inhibit

A

stomach emptying during meals to slow glucose absorption

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20
Q

how does insulin play a part with proteins

A

it stimulates protein formation and inhibits breakdown

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21
Q

are islets of langerhaans richly or poorly innervated

A

richly

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22
Q

what is the major source of the glycerol backbone

A

glucose

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23
Q

how are the A and B chains of insulin connected

A

by two disulfide bridges

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24
Q

what does the beta cell core do

A

secretes insulin into blood vessels which perfuse the outer islet

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25
Q

what is HLA

A

human leucocyte antigen

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26
Q

Is C-peptide detectable in T1D

A

nope

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27
Q

when does glucose act on beta cells

A

when food is absorbed in the SI

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28
Q

where does insulin from the beta cell go after it is secreted

A

into blood vessels which then perfuse the outer islet

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29
Q

what glut receptor is used for the CNS
(CHO metabolism)

A

glut 1

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30
Q

what does insulin stimulate in muscle tissue (CHO metabolism)

A

translocation of glut4 receptors to membrane

glycogenesis
glycolysis

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31
Q

what are the two kinds of incretins

A

GLP-1
GIP

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32
Q

where does the cleavage of proinsulin occur

A

secretory granule of insulin

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33
Q

increase in catecholamines in muscle causes what

A

glycogen breakdown - availability of glucose

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34
Q

what is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion

A

glucose

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35
Q

what is the honeymoon period with T1 diabetes

A

a temporary remission in some people

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36
Q

what is the macrovascular complications with T1 diabetes

A

ischemic heart disease

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37
Q

what do catecholamines do in skeletal muscle (CHO metabolism)

A

triggers disintegration of glycogen

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38
Q

where does the pancreas venous drainage go

A

into the portal vein

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39
Q

what cells secrete insulin

A

beta cells

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40
Q

what can happen to your muscles with a lack of insulinq

A

increased protein breakdown and decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)

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41
Q

Is C-peptide detectable in T2D

A

yes

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42
Q

what three molecules are used during gluconeogenesis

A

lactate
amino acids
glycerol

43
Q

under normal circumstances, how does the secretion of insulin occur

A

2 phases
1) rapid, readily releasable pool
2) extended, reserve pool

44
Q

what is the storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

45
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

glucose is made from non-glucose molecules

46
Q

what is gluconeogenesis inhibited by

A

insulin

47
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

decreased muscle mass

48
Q

what does insulin inhibit

A

catabolic processes

49
Q

when does glucose act on incretin release

A

when food is being digested in the stomach

50
Q

what phase of secretion is lost in t2d

A

the first phase - rapid

51
Q

abdominal fat may release more of what into the portal vein

A

FFA

52
Q

what processes does insulin regulate in adipose tissue
(CHO metabolism)

A

glycolysis
glyceroneogenesis
glycogenesis
lipogensis

53
Q

What is different about GLUT 4 from 1-3

A

it is insulin DEPENDANT

54
Q

what two things aid glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle
(CHO metabolism)

A

catecholamines
glucagon

55
Q

what is GLP-1

A

glucagon-like peptide 1

56
Q

where do catecholamines play a part with glucose

A

muscle

57
Q

what is t2d characterized by

A

high fasting glucose
glucose intolerance

58
Q

how many aa in the A chain of insulin

A

21

59
Q

what do PP cells secrete

A

pancreatic polypeptide

60
Q

where is GIP released from

A

the upper gut - duodenum

61
Q

where are all the beta cells

A

in the islet core

62
Q

what chain of insulin has 21 aa

A

A chain

63
Q

what glut receptors are found in skeletal muscle
(CHO metabolism)

A

glut 1
glut 4

64
Q

name 5 things that lipolysis is stimulated by

A

catecholamines
glucagon
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroxine

65
Q

what chain of insulin has 30 aa

A

B chain

66
Q

what does insulin stimulate in adipose tissue (CHO metabolism)

A

glucose uptake (glut 4)
glycolysis and glycogenesis
glucose to fatty acids
lipogenesis

67
Q

what is glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid (first step of cellular respiration)

68
Q

where does GLUT 4 reside

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell, unless triggered to the cell membrane by insulin or excersize

69
Q

what does pancreatic polypeptide do

A

inhibits pancreatic secretion
inhibits gastric emptying

70
Q

what are islet cell antibodies

A

a specific predictive marker for t1d

71
Q

where is GLP-1 releasedd

A

from the sital bowel

72
Q

where do chylomicrons come from

A

the gut

73
Q

somatostatin inhibits:

A

insulin
glucagon

74
Q

what two things trigger glut 4 to come to the membrane

A

insulin and exercise

75
Q

what processes does insulin regulate in skeletal muscle
(CHO metabolism)

A

glycolysis
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis

76
Q

what secretes somatosotatin

A

delta cells

77
Q

what role do class 2 HLAs play in your immune system

A

present foreign and self antigens to T cells - start the autoimmune process

78
Q

where is the body of the pancreas

A

behind the stomach and the tail touches the spleen

79
Q

what does insulin promote

A

anabolic processes of enzymes

80
Q

what is the cause of t2d

A

impaired insulin secretion and tissue insensitivity to insulin

81
Q

what glut receptors are used in adipose tissue
(CHO metabolism)

A

glut 1
glut 4

82
Q

how does insulin exist in concentrated solutions

A

6 insulin molecules
2 zinc ions form a hexamer

aka 3 dimers of insulin

83
Q

Describe how glucagon acts on the liver

A

Gluconeogenesis UP
Glycogenolysis UP
Glycolysis DOWN
Glycogenesis DOWN

aka does anything to increase glucose in the blood stream

84
Q

where does the secretory granule formation of insulin form

A

golgi appartaus in the beta cell

85
Q

what two things stimulate glycogen breakdown/gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon
catecholamines

86
Q

name 4 nutrients that increase insulin secretion

A

glucose
long chain fatty acids
ketone bodies
amino acids

87
Q

how many aa in the B chain of insulin

A

30

88
Q

insulin inhibits:

A

glucagon

89
Q

is ketoacidosis present with t2d

A

no

90
Q

what do incretins stimulate during hyperglycemia

A

the release of additional insulin

91
Q

how can an absence of infections cause t1d

A

a lack of interaction with pathogens is an important way of educating the immune system and promoting self tolerance

92
Q

how are abdominal and subcutaneous fat different

A

abdominal fat are more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli

93
Q

where is the head and neck of the pancreas

A

tucked in hte C-shaped curve of the duodenum

94
Q

what is GIP

A

glucose-dependant insulinotropic polypeptide

95
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

the break down of glycogen into glucose

96
Q

how does non-alcoholic fatty liver disease occur

A

ffa are released in increased amounts into the portal vein and are accumulated in the liver

97
Q

What does IDDM stand for

A

Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus

98
Q

when does glucose act on gustatory sensory mechanisms that stimulate a CPIR

A

when food is being chewed and swallowed

99
Q

what do delta cells secrete in the pancreas

A

somatosotatin

100
Q

where is the pancreas

A

upper portion of posterior abdominal wall

101
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

inhibits the release of pancreatic hormones
also reduces gastric secretions

102
Q

what secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

PP cellsw

103
Q

what type of diabetes has more common microvascular complications

A

t1d

PHS 3300 (19 decks)

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