Respiratory Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

How are particles usually cleared from the airway?

A

Via coughing and mucocilliary clearance
the deeper the airway the slower the clearance

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2
Q

What are the four classes of pulmonary macrophage?

A
  1. Alveolar
  2. Interstitial
  3. Pulmonary intravascular
  4. Pleural
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3
Q

What are alveolar pulmonary macrophages?

A
  • resident self-renewing pool
  • Homeostasis and they prevent inflammation
  • not very good at recognising inert substances
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4
Q

What are interstitial pulmonary macrophages?

A

least characterised type, function is incompletely described

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5
Q

What are pulmonary intravascular macrophages?

A

phagocytic and proinflammatory
* involved in acute lung injury
* only present in some species

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6
Q

What is mucocilliary clearance?

A

The self-cleaning mechanism of the airways

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7
Q

What type of mammals have cartilage in their bronchioles?

A

Marine mammals

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8
Q

What are type I pneumocytes?

A

large surface area and low antioxidant levels, mainly involved in gas exchange

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9
Q

What are the three general considerations surrounding the removal of pathogens from alveoli?

A
  • generally inefficient
  • relies on macrophages rather than cilliary clearance
  • they can get into the interstitium if they accumulate
  • macrophages with debris often gather around bronchioles and vessels
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10
Q

What is choanal atresia?

A

The back of the nasal passage is blocked by soft tissue
no communication between nasal pharynx and nasal cavity

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11
Q

In what type of animal does choanal atresia occur?

A

Mostly in camelids, they are forced to mouth breathe

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12
Q

What is nasal amyloidosis?

A

rare condition connected to the build up of amyloid in nasal passages

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13
Q

What is epistaxis also known as?

A

a nose bleed

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14
Q

What is waldeyers ring?

A

a ring of lymphoid tissue circling the oro and nasopharynx

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15
Q

What is pseudomembranous rhinitis?

A

fibrin on surface with no underlying ulceration

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16
Q

What is fibrinonecrotic rhinitis?

A

fibrin is firmly adhered to the ulcerated surface

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17
Q

What is acute rhinitis?

A

loss of cillia, epithelial attenuation, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cells

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18
Q

What is chronic rhinitis?

A

epithelial attenuation or metaplasia, it is classified based on the inflammatory infiltrate

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19
Q

What is idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

A

Inflammatory disorder of the nasal cavity in dogs
causes increased mucus and turbinate destruction

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20
Q

What is allergic/ atopic rhinitis?

A

seen sporadically in most species, probably type I hypersensitivity
most likely related to pollen allergies
can progress to nasal granulomas in cattle

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21
Q

What is atrophic rhinitis?

A

characterised by the progressive thinning and shrinking of mucus membranes lining the nasal passages
most common in pigs

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22
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?

A
  • Signs may appear in pigs as young as one week old but more often appear after weaning
  • sneezing, snorting and discharge are all signs of AR
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23
Q

When may sinusitis occur?

A
  • after dehorning, fractures, peridontitis
24
Q

In what animal species is sinusitis most important?

A

It is most important in horses

25
Q

What does chronic sinusitis cause?

A

polyploid mucousal thickening

26
Q

What is a nasopharyngeal polyp?

A

inflammatory mass that arises in the middle ear

27
Q

Who is most likely to get nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

Young cats 1-3 years old, the clinical signs depend on location

28
Q

What can the guttural pouch develop after upper respiratory tract infection?

A

empyema or pockets of pus

29
Q

What is guttural pouch tympany?

A

air buildup in the pouch
it is less common than inflammation

30
Q

What is laryngeal oedema?

A

local or systemic inflammation of the larynx
swelling/ fluid accumulation in the tissues of the larynx

31
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the larynx

32
Q

What is laryngeal paralysis in horses?

A

idiopathic degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
almost always affects the left side
may cause ‘roaring’ and poor performance

33
Q

What is laryngeal paralysis in horses?

A

Usually occurs in older males, large to giant breeds,
unknown cause but may be due to a systemic muscle disease
has a predisposition to aspiration pneumonia

34
Q

What is laryngeal chondritis?

A

ulceration at the rostral margin of arytenoid cartilage
it deforms the laryngeal cartilage, causes inflammation and necrosis
pathogenesis is unknown

35
Q

What does vitamin A toxicosis cause in the trachea?

A

squamous metaplasia

36
Q

How does brachycephalic airway syndrome occur?

A
  • tracheal rings overlap
  • the dorsal tracheal ligament is therefore impaired
  • increased pressure in the airways causes aversion of laryngeal saccules
37
Q

What can tracheal collapse cause?

A

dorsoventral narrowing, coughing and exercise intolerance

38
Q

What is tracheal oedema and haemorrhagic syndrome also known as?

A

honker syndrome in feedlot cattle

39
Q

What is honker syndrome?

A

Partial obstruction by haemorrhage and oedema of the dorsal trachea

40
Q

What is pneumothorax of the pleura?

A

Air or gas in the pleura, causes atelactsis due to the loss of negative pressure

41
Q

What is hydrothorax?

A
  • Clear, watery transudate, colourless or light yellow
  • is low protein/ low cells
  • due to increased venous pressure and lymphatic obstruction
42
Q

What is chylothorax?

A

accumulation of ‘milky’ high triglyceride lymph fluid, usually idiopathic

43
Q

What is haemothorax?

A

Blood in the pleura, ususally traumatic

44
Q

What is pleuritis in dogs usually due to?

A

inhaled or migrating grass awns

may also occur with bite wounds

45
Q

What is the most common way that cats can get pleuritis?

A

FIP
* pyothorax is also relatively common

46
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

reduced lung weight, also reduced numbers of alveoli

47
Q

What is bronchial atresia?

A

accumulation of mucus in the lung

48
Q

What is partial bronchial obstruction?

A

air trapping after birth

49
Q

What is atelectasis?

A
  • Incomplete expansion of the lungs- they usually look darker than they actually are
50
Q

What is alveolar emphysema?

A

abnormal permanent enlargement of alveoli
due to destruction of septa

51
Q

What is interstitial emphysema?

A

air in the connective tissues and lymphatics

52
Q

When is interstitial emphysema serious?

A

in cases of 3-methylindole toxicity (fog fever),

53
Q

What are blebs?

A

air-filled spaces in the connective tissue of the pleura

54
Q

What are bullae?

A

air-filled spaces in the parenchyma that bulges into
the pleura

55
Q

What usually causes overinflation of alveoli?

A

Usually due to airway obstruction or spasm
often seen at the margins of lobes in animals with respiratory distress

56
Q

What species has very thick tunica muscularis?

A

Cats

57
Q
A