Respiratory Pathology I Flashcards
How are particles usually cleared from the airway?
Via coughing and mucocilliary clearance
the deeper the airway the slower the clearance
What are the four classes of pulmonary macrophage?
- Alveolar
- Interstitial
- Pulmonary intravascular
- Pleural
What are alveolar pulmonary macrophages?
- resident self-renewing pool
- Homeostasis and they prevent inflammation
- not very good at recognising inert substances
What are interstitial pulmonary macrophages?
least characterised type, function is incompletely described
What are pulmonary intravascular macrophages?
phagocytic and proinflammatory
* involved in acute lung injury
* only present in some species
What is mucocilliary clearance?
The self-cleaning mechanism of the airways
What type of mammals have cartilage in their bronchioles?
Marine mammals
What are type I pneumocytes?
large surface area and low antioxidant levels, mainly involved in gas exchange
What are the three general considerations surrounding the removal of pathogens from alveoli?
- generally inefficient
- relies on macrophages rather than cilliary clearance
- they can get into the interstitium if they accumulate
- macrophages with debris often gather around bronchioles and vessels
What is choanal atresia?
The back of the nasal passage is blocked by soft tissue
no communication between nasal pharynx and nasal cavity
In what type of animal does choanal atresia occur?
Mostly in camelids, they are forced to mouth breathe
What is nasal amyloidosis?
rare condition connected to the build up of amyloid in nasal passages
What is epistaxis also known as?
a nose bleed
What is waldeyers ring?
a ring of lymphoid tissue circling the oro and nasopharynx
What is pseudomembranous rhinitis?
fibrin on surface with no underlying ulceration
What is fibrinonecrotic rhinitis?
fibrin is firmly adhered to the ulcerated surface
What is acute rhinitis?
loss of cillia, epithelial attenuation, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cells
What is chronic rhinitis?
epithelial attenuation or metaplasia, it is classified based on the inflammatory infiltrate
What is idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?
Inflammatory disorder of the nasal cavity in dogs
causes increased mucus and turbinate destruction
What is allergic/ atopic rhinitis?
seen sporadically in most species, probably type I hypersensitivity
most likely related to pollen allergies
can progress to nasal granulomas in cattle
What is atrophic rhinitis?
characterised by the progressive thinning and shrinking of mucus membranes lining the nasal passages
most common in pigs
What are some of the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?
- Signs may appear in pigs as young as one week old but more often appear after weaning
- sneezing, snorting and discharge are all signs of AR