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VMS 2004 > Parasitic Infections of the MSK I > Flashcards

Parasitic Infections of the MSK I Flashcards

1
Q

What is trichinella

A

Nematode that causes the disease trichinosis

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2
Q

How do people get infected with Trichinella?

A

Via ingestion of meat containing larval cysts

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3
Q

How many species of trichinella are there?

A

Nine species and three unnamed genotypes

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4
Q

How is trichinella transmissed?

A
  • Predation
  • Cannabalism
  • Feeding on carrion
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5
Q

What animals is trichinella mainly in?

A

mainly in wild animals
* endemic in domestic pigs in latin america and china

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6
Q

How many trichinella hosts are there?

A

Over 100 mammal species, 7 avian species and 3 reptile species

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7
Q

Where can trichinella larvae survive?

A

Decaying carcasses/ Frozen Carrion

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8
Q

How many trichinella cases are there per annum?

A

10,000 per annum

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9
Q

What is the most important infection source of trichinella in europe?

A

Domestic pork/ wild boar

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10
Q

What is the clinical consequence of trichinella in animals?

A

It is non-pathogenic for natural hosts unless there are large numbers of larvae in the muscles

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11
Q

What is the EU approved method of diagnosing trichinella in animals?

A
  • Direct observation of larvae in carcasses
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12
Q

What are the predilection trichinella sites in pigs?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Tongue
  • Masseter muscle s

digest with pepsin and HCL

sediment & examine under a microscope

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13
Q

What are two alternative methods to test for trichinella?

A
  1. PCR
  2. look for antibodies in serum or meat ‘juice’
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14
Q

Name 5 ways you can control/ prevent trichinella

A
  1. On-farm biosecurity
  2. Cooking to reach an internal temperature of above 71 degrees
  3. abattoir testing of breeding sows, boars and pigs
    this is not neccesary for pigs raised in controlled housing
  4. Feral wild boar supplied to consumers and local retailers needs to be tested
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15
Q

What is the adult morphology of taenia?

A
  • 2-20m
  • 1000-2000 segments
  • segments are ‘longer than wide’
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16
Q

What are the general features of taenia?

A
  • Parasite eggs survive in warm moist soil
  • Cysticerci survive 2-3 years
17
Q

What is taenia transmission associated with?

A
  • Poor sanitation
  • Consumption of inadequately cooked beef/ pork
  • insufficient meat inspection at animal slaughter
18
Q

What is the intermediate host of taenia saginata?

A

Cattle

19
Q

What is the definitive host of taenia saginata?

A

Humans

20
Q

What is cysticerus?

A

Infection caused by the parasite taenia solium

21
Q

What is the epidemiology of T.saginata?

A
  • Extensive cattle rearing, poor sanitation, informal slaughter practices
  • Calves are always infected early in life- cattle then develop immunity and are resistant to further infection
  • the prevalence of cystericosis in cattle can be 30-60%
22
Q

where is the presence of cystericosis low?

A

Europe due to good sanitation and meat inspection practices

23
Q

What are the three risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in europe?

A
  • Access to pasture and contaminated water
  • Dairy production
  • Uncontrolled human defecation close to farms
24
Q

What does the taeniasis disease look like?

A
  • usually asymptomatic
  • fullness or abdominal pain
  • it is often only discovered when proglotidds are seen in faeces or crawling onto bed clothes
25
Q

What does taenia solium disease look like in intermediate hosts (humans)

mainly juveniles

A
  • Cysts in muscles, sub-cutaneous tissue, eyes and brain
  • Asymptomatic to severe disease
  • Important cause of epilepsy
26
Q

How could you diagnose taeniasis

A
  • may be a few eggs in faeces but the proglottids are often intact
  • PCR
  • antigen/ antibody tests
27
Q

How do you control taeniasis and crystericosis?

A
  • Improved sanitation
  • Health education
  • Mass chemotherapy of pigs
  • Meat inspection and processing of meat products
  • Preventative chemotherapy
28
Q

What are the definitive hosts of taenia ovis I?

A

Dogs and wild canids

29
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of taenia ovis I?

A

Sheep

30
Q

How can you diagnose taenia ovis?

A
  • Diagnosis through identification of cysts at meat inspection
31
Q

What is the lifecycle of trichinella

A
  • Larvae is encysted in striated muscle
  • Ingestion of undercooked meat in a human
  • Larvae are released into the SI of the human
  • become adults in the SI
  • Larvae are deposited in the mucosa
  • then become encysted in the straited muscle
32
Q

What are the three main trichinella species?

A
  • T.pseudospiralis
  • T.papuae
  • T.zimbabwensis
33
Q

How many hosts are there of trichinella?

A

100 mammal species, 7 avian species and 3 reptile species

34
Q

What is the EU approved method of detecting trichinella in pigs?

A
  • The predilation sites are the tongue, masseter muscles and diaphragm
  • take over 1/2g
  • Digest with pepsin and HCL
  • Sediment and examine under a microscope
35
Q

What are 3 ways you can control trichinella?

A
  1. On-farm biosecurity
  2. Cooking to reach an internal temperature of above 71 degrees
  3. Abbatoir testing of breeding sows
36
Q

What is the lifecycle of Taenia Saginata?

A
  • Cow ingests embryonated eggs
  • Oncospheres migrate to tissues
  • develop to cysterci
  • cysterci are ingested by humans
  • they are released from a muscle in the stomach
  • worms mature and live in the intestine
  • Adults then grow to 10cm in length
  • Proglottids pass in the faeces

Cattle are intermediate hosts

37
Q

What are Taenia outbreaks associated with?

A

Use of human sewage on fields

38
Q

What is the lifecycle of taenia solium?

A
  • Eggs or gravitad proglottids are found in faeces
  • these are then ingested by pigs or humans
  • oncospheres hatch and penetrate the intestinal wall
  • they develop in the cysterci of muscles
  • humans acquire the infection by consuming raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal host
39
Q

How would you diagnose cystericosis?

A
  • Imaging
  • ELISA
  • Antibody detection
  • Tongue palpation
  • Meat Inspection at Slaughter
  • Post-Mortem

VMS 2004 (34 decks)

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