Joint Pathology I

Question 1

What are the three different types of joints?

Answer 1

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 2

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 2

Bones are united by fibrous tissue

Question 3

What is syndesmoses?

Answer 3

Adjacent bones are united by an interosseouss ligament or membrane

Question 4

What are gomphoses?

Answer 4

Joints between the teeth to the mandible/ maxilla

fibrous joint

Question 5

What are fontanelles?

Answer 5

spaces between the bones of the skull where bone formation is not complete

Question 6

What is synostosis?

Answer 6

Early fusion of two or more bones of the skull

Question 7

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 7

Union between bones by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Question 8

What are the two locations of sympheses?

cartilaginous joint

Answer 8

1. Intervertebral discs
2. Pubic Sympheses

Question 9

What makes up a synovial joint?

Answer 9

Bone ends are covered in hyaline and articular cartilage

Question 10

Why do superficial lacerations not heal properly?

Answer 10

no haemorrhage/ inflammation means it doesn’t heal

Question 11

How do full depth articular cartilage injuries heal?

Answer 11

1. Presence of haemorrhage, inflammatory cells and mesenchymal cells
2. Mesenchymal cells start having features of chondrocytes and produce matrix rich proteoglycans
3. The defect fills with fibrocartilage

fibrocartilage does not perform as well under mechanical stress

Question 12

What do large articular cartilage defects progress to?

Answer 12

They progress to degeneration

Question 13

What is osteochondrosis?

Answer 13

• Focal failure of endochondral ossification
• failure of blood supply of growing cartilage

Question 14

What are the three forms of osteochondrosis?

Answer 14

• latens
• manifesta
• dissecans

Question 15

What is latens osteochondrosis?

Answer 15

ischemic cartilage necrosis of growth cartilage, but not articular

failure in vascularisation

Question 16

What is manifesta osteochondrosis?

Answer 16

retention of necrotic cartilage- failure of endochobdral ossification

devascularised area fails to ossify

Question 17

What is dissecans osteochondrosis?

Answer 17

cartilage necrosis forms a cleft

Question 18

Name four potential causes of osteochondrosis

Answer 18

1. Genetics
2. Trauma
3. Nutrition
4. Growth rate/ Exercise

Question 19

What is hip dysplasia?

Answer 19

lack of conformity between femoral head and the acetabulum

Question 20

What causes hip dysplasia?

Answer 20

Excessive joint laxity + degenerative joint disease

Question 21

What is the most common skeletal disease of large/ giant breeds of dog

Answer 21

Hip dysplasia

Question 22

What causes cervical vertebral malformation?

Answer 22

Spinal compression

Question 23

What are atlantoaxial subluxations?

Answer 23

• Failure of fusion of the odontoid process
• very common in arabian foals

Question 24

What is arthrogyroposis?

Answer 24

Overextension/ over flexion

Question 25

What causes arthrogyroposis?

Answer 25

* Lesions of the nervous system in-utero * Fixations of the joints in a flexed position

Question 26

What is primary osteoarthrosis?

Answer 26

When there is no apparant predisposing cause (usually in older animals)

Question 27

What is secondary osteoarthritis?

Answer 27

Underlying abnormality in the joint/ the supporting strcutures

Question 28

What is fibrillation?

Answer 28

roughening of articular cartilage in weight bearing areas

Question 29

What is Eburnation?

Answer 29

Articular cartilage is completely absent Bone then rubs with bone

Question 30

What is spondylosis?

Answer 30

Formation of osteophytes at ventral and lateral margins of vertebral bodies adjacent to intervertebral bodies

Question 31

What is fibrinous arthritis commonly associated with?

Answer 31

associated with increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 32

What is purulent arthritis and what is it commonly associated with?

Answer 32

* Large number of neutrophils in synovial fluid * Commonly associated with sepsis

Question 33

What does caprine arthritis look like?

Answer 33

* Carpal hygroma * Articular cartilage degeneration * Lymphoplasmacytic arthritis

Question 34

What is diskospondylitis?

Answer 34

* inflammation of intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebrae

Question 35

What is articular gout?

Answer 35

Deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints therefore leading to granulomatous inflammation

Question 36

What is pseudogout?

Answer 36

Articular and pararticular deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate * goes on to cause granulomatous inflammation

Question 37

What are the two forms of immune mediated polyarthritis?

Answer 37

Erosive and Non-Erosive

Question 38

Name 5 developmental diseases of joints

Answer 38

1. Osteochondrosis 2. Hip Dysplasia 3. Cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation 4. Luxations and subluxations 5. Abnormal positioning

Question 39

What is a Chondrodystrophic breed and what is the meaning?

Answer 39

1. Higher % of collagen rather than proteoglycans in the nucleus pulposus 2. Degeneration of the nucleus pulposus early in life 3. also secondary degeneration of the annulus fibrosus 4. Predisposes to hansen type I intervertebral disc formation

Question 40

What is the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 40

the soft, gelatinous central portion of the intervertebral disk that moves within the disk with changes in posture

Question 41

What is a non-chondrodystrophic breed?

Answer 41

* Degeneration of the nucleus pulposus with age * Hansen type II herniation

Question 42

What does the Maedi-Visna virus in sheep cause?

Answer 42

Lymphoplasmacytic synovitis

Question 43

What is Bursitis?

Answer 43

painful condition that affects the bursae that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles

Question 44

What are there high numbers of in Immune-mediated Polyarthritis?

Answer 44

High numbers of neutrophils in synovial fluid

Question 45

What is a synovial chondromatosis associated with?

Answer 45

In association with degenerative joint disease

Question 46

What is a synovial cyst?

Answer 46

Periarticular synovium-lined structure filled with synovial fluid (decreased intra-articular pressure)

Question 47

Where does synovial pad proliferation occur?

Answer 47

Fetlock joint of racing horses

Question 48

What part of the spine is wobblers syndrome most likely to affect?

Answer 48

The neck | In dogs and horses

Question 49

Where is bursitis in horses most likely to be found?

Answer 49

The neck, (cranial and nuchal)