Cardiovascular Pathology III Flashcards
What endocardium type is more predisposed to disease?
The valvular endocardium is more predisposed to disease than the mural endocardium
mural= covers the chambers
What can cause mineralisation of the mural endocardium?
- Vitamin D toxicity, calcinogenic plants, calcium-phosphorus imbalance, Johne’s disease
What is the most common cardiovascular disease in dogs
myxamatous valve degeneration
What is bacterial vegetative valvular endocarditis usuaally associated with?
Often associated with extracardiac infection
e.g gingivitis, mastitis, hepatitis
What may contribute to bacterial vegetative valvular endocarditis?
Regional turbulent blood flow or endothelial trauma
What valvular endocarditis may also extend into the mural endocardium?
Bacterial vegetative valvular endocarditis
What are the three non-inflammatory pericardial diseases?
- Hydropericardium
- Haemopericardium
- Serous atrophy of fat
What are the two types of inflammatory pericardial diseases?
- Pericarditis
- Constrictive pericarditis
What is Hydropericardium?
Excess clear fluid within the pericardial cavity
What is haemopericardium?
Pure blood in the pericardial cavity
What is cardiac tamponade?
Compression of the heart resulting in impaired atrial and ventricular filling- typically occurs with rapid fluid accumulation
What is serous atrophy of fat?
When lipids are replaced by proteinaceous fluid
What are some aetiologies of pericarditis?
- May be an extension of pleuropneumonia
- Infectious peritonitis virus in cats
What is traumatc pericarditis associated with?
Tends to be purulent and associated with pyogenic bacteria
What is constrictive pericarditis associated with?
- Fibrotic healing, occurs with chronicity
- results in imapired diastolic filling
What inflammatory disease is often sequelae of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
Constrictive pericarditis
What is the usual pathogenesis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
Wire penetration through the reticulum wall, diaphragm and therefore the pericardium
bacteria moves into the pericardium from the reticulum
Fibrosis causees constrictive pericarditis -> right heart failure
What is the usual end-point of a lot of cardiovascular conditions
Congestive heart failure
* compensatory mechanisms are exhausted and there is overall decreased cardiac output
What causes left sided congestive heart failure?
Pulmonary congestion and oedema
* increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation due to ‘back-up’ from the left side of the heart
* Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema- diffusely wet heavy lungs
* non-collapsible
What does heart failure look like clinically?
- Increased respiratory rate at rest
- Crackles during inspiration
- Froth within large airways
- Weakness, Syncope
What are the two main categories of disease that effect the endocardium?
- degenerative
- inflammatory/ infectious
What are three sequelae from valvular endocardiosis?
- Volume overload due to blood flowing back into the chambers (eccentric) hypertrophy)
- Jet lesions
- Ruptured chordae tendinae
What can both hydropericardium and haemopericardium lead to?
Cardiac tamponade
What can hydropericardium occur with?
generalised anascara or extreme edema of the body
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the lining around your heart
What side of the heart is usually congested?
The left side of the heart
What is the usual treatment for congestive heart failure?
Decrease the blood volume which will cause an overall decrease in systemic blood pressure
What does cardiogenic pulomonary edema look like?
- Diffusely wet, heavy lungs
- non-collapsible
What are the clinical signs of left sided congestive heart failure?
- Dyspnoea with exercise
- Increased respiratory effort at rest
- Coughing in dogs
- Crackles on inspiration
- Froth within large airways
What is hydropericardium secondary to?
Systemic hypoalbuminaemia
What is the pathogenesis of haemopericardium?
- Rupture of intrapericardial aorta
- Atrial rupture
- Haemorrhage of neoplasms
- Rupture of coronary artery
- Idiopathic
What are heart-failure cells also known as?
Haemosiderin-laden macrophages
What are the clinical correlates of right sided heart failure?
- Increased systemic/ Venous pressure
- Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, intestinal congestion
- Jugular pulses
