Cardiovascular Pathology V Flashcards
What is the definition of Vasculitis?
Inflammatory cells within and around the wall of vessels with concurrent damage to the wall
What is arteritis?
Inflammation of the lining of the arteries
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of the vessels (specifically veins)
What is EAV (Equine arteritis virus) ?
- Arteritis (inflammation of the arteries)
- It targets endothelial vessels
Give an example of an orbivirus vasculitide
- Bluetongue in sheep
Give two examples of viral vasculitides (swine haemorrhagic)
- African Swine fever- replicates in monocyte lineage
- Classical swine fever- affects leukocytes, endothelium and epithelium
What is heartwater? (cowdriosis)
Bacterial vasculitis commonly caused by ricketssia
causes by Ehrlichia ruminantium of the ricketssia family
What is the gross pathology of cowdriosis?
- Hydropericardium and hydrothorax
- Splenomegaly
What is Rocky Mountain Spotted fever?
a type of rickettsia
* bacterial vasculitis
What is the gross pathology of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
- Oedema of the ears and muzzle
- Petechiation of the skin
- lymphadenomegaly with haeorrhage
- haemorrhage of the skin
What type of infectious vasculitis is mycotic abomasitis?
Fungal
What is the pathogenesis of mycotic abomasitis
Loss of mucousal integrity causes fungal invasion and therefore venous infarction
What two things can cause verminous vasculitis?
Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum
(heartworm and French heartworm)
What is the intermediate host of A.vasorum?
Slugs and snails (gastropods)
What is the pathogenesis of verminous vasculitis?
- Infection with larvae
- replication and maturation of nematodes within the pulmonary arteries
- increases the afterload (resistance the heart must pump against)
What kind of vessels does FIP affect?
- Phlebitis occurs as a result of complex deposition
- therefore it affects the veins
What is the basic structure of lymphatics?
- they lack a basal lamina
- large lymphatics are similiar to veins
- they transport lymph
What causes lymphoedema?
- Defective transport of lymph
- abnormal vessel development, damage or blockage of vessels
What is the definition of intestinal lymphangiectasia?
Dilation of lymphatics
What are the clinical signs of Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
- Diarrhoea
- Wasting
- Ascites
What causes epizootic lymphangitis?
Histoplasma capsulatum (fungi)
What animal species are most affected by epizootic lympangitis?
Horses and Mules
What is the definition of chylothorax?
- Leakage or rupture of the thoracic duct
- can be associated with trauma, neoplasia, fungal infections…
What is lymphangitis?
Inflammation affecting lymphatics
What is the gross pathology of equine Arterivirus?
- Oedema
- Congestion
- Haemorrhages
- Abortions
What is the effect of Orbiviruses on vessels?
- Cardiac and Pulmonary presentation
- Alveolar oedema and haemorrhage is the most present
What is the gross pathology of ricketssia?
- Hydropericardium, Hydrothorax
- Splenomegaly
What is the gross pathology of mycotic abomasitis?
- Multifocal ulcers with necrosis
- Can spread to the liver
What is it called when dirofilaria worms occlude the vena cava?
‘caval syndrome’
What is the basic structure of a lymphatic?
- Lack a basal lamina
- large lymphatics are similiar to veins
- Transport lymph and immune cells
What is intestinal lymphangiectasia?
- Dilation of the lymphatics
- Impairs protein absorption in the intestinal tract -> protein losing enteropathy
What is the pathogenesis of epizootic lymphangitis?
Histoplasma capsulatum
- Soil saphrophyte -> enters via skin wounds
- inhalation -> enters mucous membranes
- spreads via lymphatics
What is the gross appearance of chylothorax?
- Opaque, thin , white fluid with lipid droplets fills the thorax
How would you treat chylothorax?
Ligation of the thoracic duct
What is the only lymphatic neoplasm?
lymphangiosarcoma
What are the three steps to immune-mediated vascular disease?
- Complexes form
- Complexes lodge in the vessels
- Complexes activate the complement system
- acute inflammatory response
- can result in occlusion of the vessel
What is Lymphangiectasia?
Superficial lymphatic drainage caused by scarring
