Cardiovascular Pathology V

Question 1

What is the definition of Vasculitis?

Answer 1

Inflammatory cells within and around the wall of vessels with concurrent damage to the wall

Question 2

What is arteritis?

Answer 2

Inflammation of the lining of the arteries

Question 3

What is phlebitis?

Answer 3

Inflammation of the vessels (specifically veins)

Question 4

What is EAV (Equine arteritis virus) ?

Answer 4

• Arteritis (inflammation of the arteries)
• It targets endothelial vessels

Question 5

Give an example of an orbivirus vasculitide

Answer 5

• Bluetongue in sheep

Question 6

Give two examples of viral vasculitides (swine haemorrhagic)

Answer 6

• African Swine fever- replicates in monocyte lineage
• Classical swine fever- affects leukocytes, endothelium and epithelium

Question 7

What is heartwater? (cowdriosis)

Answer 7

Bacterial vasculitis commonly caused by ricketssia

causes by Ehrlichia ruminantium of the ricketssia family

Question 8

What is the gross pathology of cowdriosis?

Answer 8

• Hydropericardium and hydrothorax
• Splenomegaly

Question 9

What is Rocky Mountain Spotted fever?

Answer 9

a type of rickettsia
* bacterial vasculitis

Question 10

What is the gross pathology of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Answer 10

• Oedema of the ears and muzzle
• Petechiation of the skin
• lymphadenomegaly with haeorrhage
• haemorrhage of the skin

Question 11

What type of infectious vasculitis is mycotic abomasitis?

Answer 11

Fungal

Question 12

What is the pathogenesis of mycotic abomasitis

Answer 12

Loss of mucousal integrity causes fungal invasion and therefore venous infarction

Question 13

What two things can cause verminous vasculitis?

Answer 13

Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum
(heartworm and French heartworm)

Question 14

What is the intermediate host of A.vasorum?

Answer 14

Slugs and snails (gastropods)

Question 15

What is the pathogenesis of verminous vasculitis?

Answer 15

• Infection with larvae
• replication and maturation of nematodes within the pulmonary arteries
• increases the afterload (resistance the heart must pump against)

Question 16

What kind of vessels does FIP affect?

Answer 16

• Phlebitis occurs as a result of complex deposition
• therefore it affects the veins

Question 17

What is the basic structure of lymphatics?

Answer 17

• they lack a basal lamina
• large lymphatics are similiar to veins
• they transport lymph

Question 18

What causes lymphoedema?

Answer 18

• Defective transport of lymph
• abnormal vessel development, damage or blockage of vessels

Question 19

What is the definition of intestinal lymphangiectasia?

Answer 19

Dilation of lymphatics

Question 20

What are the clinical signs of Intestinal Lymphangiectasia

Answer 20

• Diarrhoea
• Wasting
• Ascites

Question 21

What causes epizootic lymphangitis?

Answer 21

Histoplasma capsulatum (fungi)

Question 22

What animal species are most affected by epizootic lympangitis?

Answer 22

Horses and Mules

Question 23

What is the definition of chylothorax?

Answer 23

• Leakage or rupture of the thoracic duct
• can be associated with trauma, neoplasia, fungal infections…

Question 24

What is lymphangitis?

Answer 24

Inflammation affecting lymphatics

Question 25

What is the gross pathology of equine Arterivirus?

Answer 25

* Oedema * Congestion * Haemorrhages * Abortions

Question 26

What is the effect of Orbiviruses on vessels?

Answer 26

* Cardiac and Pulmonary presentation * Alveolar oedema and haemorrhage is the most present

Question 27

What is the gross pathology of ricketssia?

Answer 27

* Hydropericardium, Hydrothorax * Splenomegaly

Question 28

What is the gross pathology of mycotic abomasitis?

Answer 28

* Multifocal ulcers with necrosis * Can spread to the liver

Question 29

What is it called when dirofilaria worms occlude the vena cava?

Answer 29

'caval syndrome'

Question 30

What is the basic structure of a lymphatic?

Answer 30

* Lack a basal lamina * large lymphatics are similiar to veins * Transport lymph and immune cells

Question 31

What is intestinal lymphangiectasia?

Answer 31

* Dilation of the lymphatics * Impairs protein absorption in the intestinal tract -> protein losing enteropathy

Question 32

What is the pathogenesis of epizootic lymphangitis? | Histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 32

* Soil saphrophyte -> enters via skin wounds * inhalation -> enters mucous membranes * spreads via lymphatics

Question 33

What is the gross appearance of chylothorax?

Answer 33

* Opaque, thin , white fluid with lipid droplets fills the thorax

Question 34

How would you treat chylothorax?

Answer 34

Ligation of the thoracic duct

Question 35

What is the only lymphatic neoplasm?

Answer 35

lymphangiosarcoma

Question 36

What are the three steps to immune-mediated vascular disease?

Answer 36

* Complexes form * Complexes lodge in the vessels * Complexes activate the complement system * acute inflammatory response * can result in occlusion of the vessel

Question 37

What is Lymphangiectasia?

Answer 37

Superficial lymphatic drainage caused by scarring