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VMS 2004 > Respiratory Parasites I > Flashcards

Respiratory Parasites I Flashcards

1
Q

Name three Dictyocaulus lungworms

A
  • D.viviparous- cattle
  • D.filaria- Sheep
  • D.arnifieldi- horses/ donkeys
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2
Q

What does dictyocaulus viviparous cause?

A

Causes parasitic bronchitis in cattle

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3
Q

What does dictyocaulus viviparous require to survive?

A

Wet, mild climate and permanent pastures

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4
Q

What do the dictyocaulus vivparous worms look like?

A

Adult worms (4-8cm) in trachea and bronchi

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5
Q

What are the four lifecycle phases?

A
  • Penetration phase
  • Pre-patent phase
  • Patent phase
  • Post-Patent phase
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6
Q

What does parasitic bronchitis look like in the pre-patent and patent phase?

A

Worms and frothy white mucus in the bronchi

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7
Q

What does parasitic pneumonia look like in the pre-patent and patent phase?

A

Aspiration of eggs into the alveoli

coughing, increased breathing rate, laboured breathing, anorexia

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs in the post-patent phase?

A
  • Inflamed tissues
  • flare-ups can be fatal ‘
  • aspiration of dead/ dying material
  • secondary bacterial infection goes on to cause pneumonia
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9
Q

What are some of the economic consequences of lung worms?

A
  • Reduction in milk in the dairy herd
  • Potential deaths
  • Recovery takes 10-20 days
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10
Q

What is the epidemiology of dictyocaulus

A

Larval development and dispersal is dependent on
* Mild temperature
* High rainfall
* Permanent pasture
* Presence of Pilobilus fungi- grows on cow pats

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11
Q

What are some of the risk factors of lungworms?

A
  • Wet summers
  • Heavy stocking densities
  • Host age/ immunity
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12
Q

How is immunity acquired?

A

It is rapidly acquired under field conditions

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13
Q

What are the two major components of immunity?

A
  • Decrease in larvae reaching the lungs
  • Destruction of adult worms that have reached the lungs, this can be remembered for 2 years
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14
Q

What is re-infection syndrome?

A
  • Immunity to larvae reaching the lungs can wane
  • If cattle return to heavily-infected pasture they can be re-infected
  • longer-lasting immune response -> hypersensitivity response and acute illness
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15
Q

What is the treatment for lung worms?

A
  • Rapid use of anthelmintics
  • Treated cattle are then transferred to clean pasture
  • Prognosis depends on disease severity
  • Supportive therapy for those severley effected
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16
Q

What is D.filaria in sheep like?

A
  • Pathology and epidemiology is similiar to viviparus
  • Clinical signs are less common- coughing and unthriftiness
  • Control is acheived by strategies used to manage worms
17
Q

What is D.arnifieldi in sheep and donkeys like?

A
  • Infection is much more prevalent in donkeys than horses
  • Infection in older horses -> coughing, nasal discharge, increased respiration
  • Control- avoid co-grazing
18
Q

What are the typical features of metastrongylus?

A
  • found in lungs and associated blood vessels
  • indirect lifecycle
  • larvae found in faeces
  • Definitive hosts = pigs, sheep, dogs, cats etc.
  • kinky tails
19
Q

What are the main features of angiostrongylus vasorum?

A
  • Called lungworm or ‘french heartworm’
  • Adults = 2.5cm long
  • PPP =6-8 weeks
  • Infections last over 2 years
20
Q

What is the epidemiology of angiostrongylus vasorum

A
  • Worldwide but data is patchy
  • Wild canids are the reservoir hosts
  • Infection is more common in younger dogd
21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of metastrongyles?

A
  • they are poorly understood
  • inflammatory response to eggs and larvae causes granulomas, haemorrhage and fibrosis
  • therefore there is blockage of blood vessels by adults, larvae and eggs
22
Q

What are the common clinical signs of metastrongyles?

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Coagulopathy
  • Cardiovascular
  • Neurological signs
  • Death
23
Q

What is the name of the fungi that assists in D. viviparous transmission?

A

Pilobolus fungi

24
Q

How does fungi assist in viviparous transmission?

A
  • Larvae migrate up the stalks of the fungi
  • Larvae are then projected up to 3m when the seed capsule is discharged
25
Q

Name three risk factors for viviparous

A
  1. Heavy stocking densities
  2. Wet summers
  3. Host age/ immunity
26
Q

What calves are most affected by viviparous?

A

dairy or dairy cross calves

27
Q

How long does the patent viviparous infection last?

A

Does not last longer than 2-3 months

28
Q

When may cattle become re-infected?

A

If cattle return to heavily contaminated pasture

29
Q

What are the main clinical signs of D.filaria in sheep?

A

Coughing and unthriftiness

30
Q
A

VMS 2004 (34 decks)

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