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VMS 2004 > Fungal Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Fungal Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major fungal forms?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Branching Hyphae
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2
Q

How can you culture fungus?

A
  • preference for lower temperatures
  • may be slower growing
  • Specific media that support fungal growth
  • Use of antibiotics to supress competing bacteria
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3
Q

What are septate hyphae?

A

Hyphae that have walls

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4
Q

What are non-septate hyphae?

A

Hyphae without walls

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5
Q

What are the two types of yeast?

A
  • narrow based budding
  • broad based budding
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6
Q

What are aspergillus fumigatus?

A

Ubiquitous environmental fungus, factors predisposing to
disease following inhalation are not clear

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7
Q

What fungus causes mycotic rhinitis?

A

Aspergillus Fumigatus

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8
Q

What does mycotic rhinitis look like?

A

Focal yellow, green, or black plaque-like mats or masses of fungus
Hyperaemic oedematous mucosa around lesions
Mostly contains hyphae but may
have some conidia

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9
Q

What is Guttural Pouch Mycosis?

e.g what does it cause clinically

A

Progression of aspergillosis infection of the
guttural pouch
» Erosion of carotid artery
» Severe epistaxis (nasal haemorrhage)
» May be fatal
» DDx – Trauma, EIPH (exercise induced
pulmonary haemorrhage)

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10
Q

What is pulmonary aspergillosis?

A
  • Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
  • uncommon, usually haematogenous spread from colitis
  • look for septate branching hyphae at edges of lesions
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11
Q

What type of fungi is it hazardous to culture?

A

dimorphic

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12
Q

What does NAAT stand for?

A

Nucleic acid amplification test

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13
Q

What does an ELISA test, test for?

A

Galactomannan (polysaccharide antigen that exists primarily in the wall of aspergillus)

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14
Q

What is an endospore?

A

dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria

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15
Q

Name three hyphate fungi

A
  • Aspergillus
  • Mucor
  • Fusarium
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16
Q

Name two ‘yeast’

A
  1. Cryptococcus
  2. Candida
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17
Q

Name four dimorphic fungi

A
  1. Histoplasma
  2. Blastomyces
  3. Coccidiodes
  4. Paracoccidiodes
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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycotic rhinitis?

A
  1. Sneezing
  2. discharge
  3. haemorrhage
  4. pain
  5. can distort the nasal bones, remodelling is common
  6. noninvasive, nonspecific inflammatory response
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19
Q

What species is cryptococcus usually found in?

A

The most common systemic mycosis of cats, may also affect dogs, horses cattle etc.

20
Q

What does cryptococcus cause?

A
  • ulcerative skin lesions
  • ocular disease
  • pneumonia
  • brain lesions
  • ascending mastitis in cows
  • ulcerating nodules
  • facial swelling in cats
21
Q

What does cryptococcus look like in cytology?

A
  • Capsulated
  • Narrow-Based budding
  • thick capsules with a ‘soap-like’ appearance
22
Q

What form is cryptococcosis in the environment?

A

Filamentous form

23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis?

A

Spores are inhaled, they replicate in the alveoli and disseminate haematogenously

24
Q

What part of cryptococcosis prevents phagocytosis?

A

Thick capsule
* Yeasts also produce melanin to scavenge reactive oxygen species from macrophages

25
Q

What two forms of cryptococcosis are there?

A
  • C.neoformans
  • C.gatti
26
Q

Where is C.neoformans found?

A

Temperate climates, usually in bird droppings or soil

27
Q

Where is C.gatti found?

A
  • Was formerly considered tropical but now has a wider distribution including the pacific northwest
  • most common in cats
28
Q

How would you diagnose cryptococcosis?

A

Identifying yeast in tissues
Thick capsules give a ‘soap-box’ appearance on histology
narrow based budding

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pneumocystis?

A
  • Chronic Cough
  • Weight loss
30
Q

How would you diagnose pneumocystis?

A
  • BAL/TW cytology
  • Histology
  • PCR
  • it does not grow on standard media
31
Q

Where is histoplasma endemic?

A

Endemic in Ohio and Missisippi River Valleys

32
Q

How does histoplasma travel?

A

Via the aersosol route

33
Q

When may the histoplasma cases be fatal?

A

Within 2-5 Weeks

34
Q

What are the Clinical signs of Histoplasma in cats?

A
  • Pulmonary involvement
  • Dyspnoea
  • Depression
  • Weight loss
  • Rare intestinal involvement
35
Q

What are the clinical signs of Histoplasma in dogs?

A
  • Ulcerative intestinal lesions
  • Chronic Cough
  • Persistent diarrhoea
  • Ulcerative skin nodules
  • Eye lesions
  • Lameness
  • Neurological dysfunction
36
Q

What is blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

Infectious, non-contagious disease of dogs and humans, is also reported in cats

37
Q

What type of fungus is blastomyces?

A

Dimorphic, grows as a mould in environment and yeast at a body temperature

38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Blastomyces?

A
  1. Spores are inhaled
  2. they transform into yeasts and proliferate in the lungs
  3. disseminate haematogenously
39
Q

How do you diagnose Blastomyces Dermatitidis?

A

Identification of yeasts as it is dangerous to culture the mould form

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of coccidiomycosis?

A
  1. Inhaled spores become yeasts in the lung
  2. Endosporulation-> rupture of sporangia releases endospores to start a new cycle
41
Q

How could you diagnose coccidiomycosis?

A

Diagnosis via finding spherules in the histology

42
Q

What do coccidiomycosis lesions look like?

A

lesions are restricted to the lungs and are nodular to milliary

43
Q

When do coccidiomycosis systemic lesions form?

A

form due to haematogenous spread and occur in the absence of lung lesions
if the lung lesions resolve after the yeasts get into the blood

44
Q

What is rhinosporidum seeberi?

A

aquatic protist parasite
* found in wet tropical environments- infection via exposure to contaminated water

45
Q

What is the pathogenesis of coccidiomycosis in the lung?

A

Endosporulation, rupture of sporangia
releases endospores to start a new
cycle

dangerous to culture = infectious

VMS 2004 (34 decks)

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