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VMS 2004 > Fungal Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Fungal Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major fungal forms?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Branching Hyphae
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2
Q

How can you culture fungus?

A
  • preference for lower temperatures
  • may be slower growing
  • Specific media that support fungal growth
  • Use of antibiotics to supress competing bacteria
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3
Q

What are septate hyphae?

A

Hyphae that have walls

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4
Q

What are non-septate hyphae?

A

Hyphae without walls

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5
Q

What are the two types of yeast?

A
  • narrow based budding
  • broad based budding
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6
Q

What are aspergillus fumigatus?

A

Ubiquitous environmental fungus, factors predisposing to
disease following inhalation are not clear

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7
Q

What fungus causes mycotic rhinitis?

A

Aspergillus Fumigatus

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8
Q

What does mycotic rhinitis look like?

A

Focal yellow, green, or black plaque-like mats or masses of fungus
Hyperaemic oedematous mucosa around lesions
Mostly contains hyphae but may
have some conidia

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9
Q

What is Guttural Pouch Mycosis?

e.g what does it cause clinically

A

Progression of aspergillosis infection of the
guttural pouch
» Erosion of carotid artery
» Severe epistaxis (nasal haemorrhage)
» May be fatal
» DDx – Trauma, EIPH (exercise induced
pulmonary haemorrhage)

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10
Q

What is pulmonary aspergillosis?

A
  • Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
  • uncommon, usually haematogenous spread from colitis
  • look for septate branching hyphae at edges of lesions
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11
Q

What type of fungi is it hazardous to culture?

A

dimorphic

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12
Q

What does NAAT stand for?

A

Nucleic acid amplification test

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13
Q

What does an ELISA test, test for?

A

Galactomannan (polysaccharide antigen that exists primarily in the wall of aspergillus)

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14
Q

What is an endospore?

A

dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria

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15
Q

Name three hyphate fungi

A
  • Aspergillus
  • Mucor
  • Fusarium
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16
Q

Name two ‘yeast’

A
  1. Cryptococcus
  2. Candida
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17
Q

Name four dimorphic fungi

A
  1. Histoplasma
  2. Blastomyces
  3. Coccidiodes
  4. Paracoccidiodes
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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycotic rhinitis?

A
  1. Sneezing
  2. discharge
  3. haemorrhage
  4. pain
  5. can distort the nasal bones, remodelling is common
  6. noninvasive, nonspecific inflammatory response
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19
Q

What species is cryptococcus usually found in?

A

The most common systemic mycosis of cats, may also affect dogs, horses cattle etc.

20
Q

What does cryptococcus cause?

A
  • ulcerative skin lesions
  • ocular disease
  • pneumonia
  • brain lesions
  • ascending mastitis in cows
  • ulcerating nodules
  • facial swelling in cats
21
Q

What does cryptococcus look like in cytology?

A
  • Capsulated
  • Narrow-Based budding
  • thick capsules with a ‘soap-like’ appearance
22
Q

What form is cryptococcosis in the environment?

A

Filamentous form

23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis?

A

Spores are inhaled, they replicate in the alveoli and disseminate haematogenously

24
Q

What part of cryptococcosis prevents phagocytosis?

A

Thick capsule
* Yeasts also produce melanin to scavenge reactive oxygen species from macrophages

25
What two forms of cryptococcosis are there?
* C.neoformans * C.gatti
26
Where is C.neoformans found?
Temperate climates, usually in bird droppings or soil
27
Where is C.gatti found?
* Was formerly considered tropical but now has a wider distribution including the pacific northwest * most common in cats
28
How would you diagnose cryptococcosis?
Identifying yeast in tissues Thick capsules give a 'soap-box' appearance on histology narrow based budding
29
What are the clinical signs of Pneumocystis?
* Chronic Cough * Weight loss
30
How would you diagnose pneumocystis?
* BAL/TW cytology * Histology * PCR * it does not grow on standard media
31
Where is histoplasma endemic?
Endemic in Ohio and Missisippi River Valleys
32
How does histoplasma travel?
Via the aersosol route
33
When may the histoplasma cases be fatal?
Within 2-5 Weeks
34
What are the Clinical signs of Histoplasma in cats?
* Pulmonary involvement * Dyspnoea * Depression * Weight loss * Rare intestinal involvement
35
What are the clinical signs of Histoplasma in dogs?
* Ulcerative intestinal lesions * Chronic Cough * Persistent diarrhoea * Ulcerative skin nodules * Eye lesions * Lameness * Neurological dysfunction
36
What is blastomyces dermatiditis?
Infectious, non-contagious disease of dogs and humans, is also reported in cats
37
What type of fungus is blastomyces?
Dimorphic, grows as a mould in environment and yeast at a body temperature
38
What is the pathogenesis of Blastomyces?
1. Spores are inhaled 2. they transform into yeasts and proliferate in the lungs 3. disseminate haematogenously
39
How do you diagnose Blastomyces Dermatitidis?
Identification of yeasts as it is dangerous to culture the mould form
40
What is the pathogenesis of coccidiomycosis?
1. Inhaled spores become yeasts in the lung 2. Endosporulation-> rupture of sporangia releases endospores to start a new cycle
41
How could you diagnose coccidiomycosis?
Diagnosis via finding spherules in the histology
42
What do coccidiomycosis lesions look like?
lesions are restricted to the lungs and are nodular to milliary
43
When do coccidiomycosis systemic lesions form?
form due to haematogenous spread and occur in the absence of lung lesions if the lung lesions resolve after the yeasts get into the blood
44
What is rhinosporidum seeberi?
aquatic protist parasite * found in wet tropical environments- infection via exposure to contaminated water
45
What is the pathogenesis of coccidiomycosis in the lung?
Endosporulation, rupture of sporangia releases endospores to start a new cycle | dangerous to culture = infectious

VMS 2004 (34 decks)

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