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2 - CPR (pulmonary) > Respiratory Pathology - 6 (Nasopharynx) > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology - 6 (Nasopharynx) Flashcards

1
Q

The nose, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses are lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Respiratory type

  • ciliated and goblet cells
  • mucous glands
  • lymphoid aggregates
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2
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nose

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3
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinus

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4
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Runny nose

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5
Q

What 4 viruses are commonly the cause of Viral Rhinitis/Sinusitis?

A

Rhinovirus
Adenovirus
Coronavirus
Echovirus

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6
Q

Symptom of Viral Rhinitis/Sinusitis?

A

Clear rhinorrhea

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7
Q

What is usually superimposed on a viral rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis

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8
Q

What 2 bacteria are commonly the cause of a superimposed bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Haemophilus Influenzae

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9
Q

Symptom of Bacterial Rhinitis/Sinusitis?

A

Thick and purulent nasal discharge

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10
Q

Allergic Rhinitis/Sinusitis can be from a variety of inhaled allergens. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is it and what cells are present?

A

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

= EOSINOPHILS and inflammatory infiltrate

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11
Q

Symptoms and cellular infiltrate of Allergic Rhinitis/Sinusitis?

A

Edema and Rhinorrhea

– Eosinophils and inflammatory cells

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12
Q

What can Infectious and/or Allergic Rhinitis/Sinusitis turn into?

A

Chronic Rhinitis/Sinusitis

–> Inflammatory Sinonasal Polyps

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13
Q

Histologic manifestations of Inflammatory Sinonasal Polyps?

A
  • Edema in stroma

- EOSINOPHILIC infiltrates

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14
Q

Histologic manifestations of Inflammatory Sinonasal Polyps?

A
  • Edema in the stroma

- EOSINOPHILIC infiltrates

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15
Q

Sinusitis that involves an obstruction can potentially lead to what 2 things?

A
  • Mucocele

- Empyema

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16
Q

What is the pathway of infection for Sinusitis?

A
  • Pathogen tracks along periapical tissues (oral flora)
  • Enters maxillary sinus
  • Advanced sinusitis can then spread the infection
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17
Q

What sinusitis can commonly spread to the eye? What sinusitis can commonly spread and cause meningitis, epidural abscesses?

A

Eye - ethmoid sinusitis

Meningitis, epidural abscesses - Frontal sinusitis

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18
Q

What is Allergic Fungal Sinusitis and what is a common organism that causes it?

A

Hypersensitivity to fungal organisms that colonize the sinus tract
– Ex. Aspergillus

19
Q

Histologic findings with Allergic Fungal Sinusitis?

A

Allergic mucin and fungal hyphae

– +/- mycetoma (fungal ball)

20
Q

Histologic findings with Allergic Fungal Sinusitis?

A

Allergic mucin and fungal hyphae

– +/- mycetoma (fungal ball)

21
Q

In what patients does Acute Invasive (fungal) Sinusitis occur?

A

Diabetic or immunosuppressed

22
Q

What fungal organism can commonly cause Acute Invasive Sinusitis?

A

Zygomycosis

23
Q

What is the emergent treatment and why for Acute Invasive (fungal) Sinusitis?

A

IV antifungal therapy to prevent spread to the brain and/or sepsis

24
Q

When Granulomatosis Polyangiitis affects the nasal passages and sinuses, what occurs?

A

Ulceration
Necrosis
Septum perforation

25
Q

What is the characteristic histologic finding with Granulomatosis Polyangiitis?

A

Necrobiotic (blue) necrosis

26
Q

Necrobiotic (blue) necrosis is seen with ____ and what are the symptoms in the nasal passages and sinuses?

A

Granulomatosis Polyangiitis

= Ulceration, necrosis, septum perforation

27
Q

What are 2 benign tumors of the nose, sinuses and nasopharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

2. Sinonasal (schneiderian) Papilloma

28
Q

What are 2 benign tumors of the nose, sinuses and nasopharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

2. Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Papilloma

29
Q

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma - what is it, who is it seen in and what is its association?

A
  • Polypoid mass (benign)
  • Seen in young men
    – Associated with FAP
    (familial adenomatous polyposis)
30
Q

Histologic appearance of a Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma?

A

Vascular fibrous core

31
Q

What benign tumor of the nose/sinus/nasopharynx is associated with FAP and what mutation/finding is involved with FAP?

A

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
- APC gene mutation
= Colon polyps and carcinoma at a young age

32
Q

Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Papilloma - who is it usually found in and what is its association?

A
  • Middle aged men

- Associated with HPV infection

33
Q

What are the 3 types of Schneiderian Papillomas and which one has the highest rate of recurrence/malignant transformation?

A
  • Exophytic growth
  • Endophytic growth – highest rate of recurrence
  • Oncocytic cells
34
Q

What are 2 malignant tumors of the nose, sinuses, nasopharynx?

A
  1. Olfactory Neuroblastoma

2. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

35
Q

What are 2 malignant tumors of the nose, sinuses, nasopharynx?

A
  1. Olfactory Neuroblastoma

2. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

36
Q

An Olfactory Neuroblastoma is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor. What are its age peaks and what does it arise from?

A

Age peaks = adolescence and middle age

- Arises from neuroectoderm in the superior nasal passage

37
Q

Histologic description of an Olfactory Neuroblastoma and what does it look like if it penetrates the cribriform plate?

A

Small round blue cell tumor

– Dumb-bell shaped tumor when it penetrates cribriform plate

38
Q

Small round blue cell malignant tumor that can be dumb-bell shaped

A

Olfactory Neuroblastoma

39
Q

What malignant tumor arises from neuroectoderm in the superior nasal passage?

A

Olfactory Neuroblastoma

40
Q

What malignant tumor is EBV related?

A

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

41
Q

Where do a majority of Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas present and why?

A

In the neck due to lymph node metastasis

42
Q

What type of carcinoma is Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and what are the types?

A

Squamous

  • Keratinizing
  • Non-keratinizing
  • Basophilic with lymphoid tissue
43
Q

In what 2 patient populations are Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas seen?

A
  • Young African children = EBV

- Chinese/Asian adults = Smoked fish with nitrosamines or EBV

2 - CPR (pulmonary) (26 decks)

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