Respiratory Anatomy & Intro Flashcards
What is the difference between the ventilation system and the respiration system?
VS: where air moves (nostrils - bronchioles)
RS: where gas is exchanged
What happens to air as it passes through the nostrils? Which part of the nostrils do this?
Warm and humidify air (nasal turbinates)
Clean (mucous and hairs)
Why are breeds like pugs prone to respiratory infections?
Short nasal passage
Cannot clean/warm/humidify air
What happens during laryngeal paralysis?
Larynx folds over the trachea
The nasal cavity is split into three passages. What are these called?
Superior nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Inferior nasal meatus
What structures support the cartilaginous rings of the trachea?
Muscle: dorsal tracheales
Connective tissue
What is ‘respiratory epithelium’?
Special pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells which produce mucous from goblet cells
What is each lung supplied air by?
Primary bronchi
What is each lobe supplied air by?
Secondary bronchi
What is each lobule supplied air by?
Tertiary bronchi
What animals have additional bronchi branching?
Pigs
Ruminants
What structures support bronchi?
Cartilage and smooth muscle
What structures support bronchioles?
Smooth muscle
Which type of bronchiole lose the respiratory epithelium? What is it replaced with?
Tertiary (alveoli) Simple squamous (type 1 alveolocytes) Cuboidal (type 2 alveolocytes)
What do type 2 alveolocytes secrete? What is this? What does it do
Pulmonary surfactant
Lipoprotein
Reduces surface tension within alveoli
Which pleura (serous membrane) make up the parietal pleura?
Visceral pleura (lungs)
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
What is dead space?
Regions which are ventilated but do not participate in gas exchange
What it is the alveolar septa?
Strucutre which separates adjacent alveoli
Yorkies have what type of trachea that makes them prone to collapsing?
Wide cartilage
Large tracheal muscles
Which species have lobed lungs?
Pigs and ruminants
Which lobe does the horse not have?
Middle
Which molecule acts as an oxygen store for working muscles?
Myoglobin
What is the blood supply to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery and vein
Bronchial arteries from aorta, empty into azygous vein
What is the clinical signifcance of having no arterial venous anastomoses in the lungs?
All blood must pass through a capillary bed
Likely for tumour
What gives the sympathetic supply to the lungs?
Pulmonary plexus
What gives the parasympathetic nerve supply to the lungs?
Vagus and pulmonary plexus
What is normal breathing?
Eupnoea
What is increased breathing rate?
Tachypnoea
What is increased breathing depth
Hyperpnoea
What is no breathing
Apnoea
What is laboured breathing
Dyspnoea
Which species has both active and passive phases to inspiration and expiration?
Horse
Describe active inspiration and what happens after it
Abdominal muscles push abdomen cranially
Pushes diaphragm into thorax
Passive inspiration due to negative pressure
What is the normal respiratory rate for most animals? What about horses?
20-30
10-12
In which direction do external intercostal muscles run?
Caudventrally
In which direction do internal intercostal muscles run?
Cranio centrally
Do small alveoli need more or less surfactant?
More
More surface tension due to larger SA and pressure gradient
What is minute ventilation equal to?
Respiratory rate x tidal volume
Is turbulence found in larger or smaller airways?
Larger
