Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gas molecules exert pressure by collisions irregardless of the size. If the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is lower than the air, what will happen. When will it stop

A

Diffuse into bloodstream

When equilibrium is reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When is alveolr pressure equal to atmospheric pressure?

A

When no air is flowing in/out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the relationship between dissolving and partial pressure?

A

The higher the PP, the more it will dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Reduced pp O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Reduced pp CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Increased PP CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is alveolar pp O2 lower than air?

A

Due to mixing with water when inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WHat is perfusion?

A

Blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if the ventilation to perfusion ratio is mismatched/

A

full equilibrium cannot be reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe oxygens solubility in plasma

A

Poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

Iron ion with 4 haem units and globin chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of globin?

A

Prevent oxygen binding being irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the oxygen capacity of blood

A

200 ml per litre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

Binding of O2 to haem group increases affinity until saturation point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does the oxygen haemoglobin curve shift right?

A

Increased temperature
CO2
Acidity
DCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In anaemia animals, how does the percentage saturation of haemoglobin Chang?

A

It doesn’t

17
Q

The foetal haemoglobin curve is where in comparison to the adult?

A

Left

18
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

A

Mainly by HCO3
Some by proteins
Few dissolved in plasma

19
Q

What is the equation for H20 and C02

A

H20 + CO2 —> H2CO3 —> H+ + HCO3-

20
Q

What is chloride shift?

A

Chlorides move into cell when HCO3- leaves to maintain electrochemical gradient

21
Q

Can protons diffuse out of RBCs? How do they bind?

A

No

Bind to deoxyhaemoglobin

22
Q

Where do alveolar vessels run?

A

Alveolar septa

23
Q

Where do extra alveolar vessels run?

A

Pulmonary arteries/veins

24
Q

Which lung fields are most perfused?

A

Caudodorsal

25
Q

What happens when lungs are over inflated?

A

Capillaries are crushed

26
Q

Describe pulmonary vascular difference

A

Opposite to system resistance

Increased diameter decreases resistnce

27
Q

Does alveolar hypoxia lead to vaso constriction or dilation?

A

Vasoconstriction

28
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

P pulmonary artery - P left atria

Divided by cardiac output

29
Q

How is rhythmic breathing generated and maintained

A

Pacemaker neurons in medulla oblongata

Central pattern generator provides RR and depth

30
Q

What is the Hering-Beur reflex?

A

Baroreceptors in lung detect stretch and decrease action potentials to lungs to prevent over inflation

31
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors? What do they monitor?

A

Brain

Pa CO2 only

32
Q

How do chemoreceptors in the brain detect CO2?

A

CO2 crosses the BBB

Carbonic anhydride generates HCO3- and H+

33
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found? What do they monitor?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

Monitor Pa CO2, Pa O2 and arterial H+

34
Q

Which nerves innervate the carotid and aortic bodies?

A

CN IX

CN X