Glands and histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ or tissue which secretes substances in the body

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2
Q

What type of cells are glands made from?

A

Epithelial cells

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3
Q

What can products of glands be?

A

Proteins - enzymes, hormones (steroids), mucous

Lipids

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4
Q

What is mucous made from?

A

Glycoproteins

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5
Q

What is the difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans?

A

Proteoglycans contain more protein than glycoproteins

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6
Q

What are the two main classifications of glands? Where do they act?

A

Exocrine-locally from gland

Endocrine -away from gland

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7
Q

Exocrine glands secrete products from which surface of individually secretory cells?

A

Apical

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8
Q

Endocrine glands release products from which surface of individual secretory cells? Where do the products go to?

A

Basal surface

Into capillary to target organ

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9
Q

Why are exocrine glands (ducts) better than individual secretory cells in the mouth?

A

There is the fewest number of openings to the epithelial surface

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10
Q

Describe how exocrine glands release products

A

Secretory cells in duct release product from apical surface into the lumen
Product flows from lumen onto the epithelium

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11
Q

Endocrine glands are made up from what group of cells?

A

Aggregates of secretory cells (with capillaries in between)

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12
Q

Why aren’t endocrine glands further classified into different groups? Give examples of endocrine glands

A

They are highly individual

Adrenal, thyroid glands

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13
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A

By shape: simple or compound

By secretion cell: tubular or alveolar

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14
Q

What is the definition of a simple secretory unit?

A

An exocrine gland which secretes via one or no ducts

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15
Q

What is the definition of a compound secretory unit?

A

An exocrine gland which secretes via a branched duct system

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16
Q

Secretion cells can be tubular or alveolar. What products do these cells secrete, hence the other name for these cells?

A

Tubular - mucous cells

Alveolar -serous cells

17
Q

What type of cells make up the thyroid gland? What is different about the thyroid gland structure?

A

Aggregated secretory cells

It contains follicles

18
Q

What is within the follicles of the thyroid?

A

Precursor of thyroid hormones - thyroglobulin

19
Q

When required, thyroglobulin is broken down into the thyroid hormones so they can be released into the bloodstream. What are the thyroid hormones called?

A

T3 and T4

20
Q

The adrenal gland is made up of what 3 layers?

A

Capsule
Cortex
Medulla

21
Q

Describe the shape of cells in tubular glands. How do they stain? What shape are the nuclei?

A

Appear round but are columnar - due to artefact
Pale due to mucous
Flat nucleus

22
Q

Describe the shape of alveolar gland nuclei, how do they stain?

A

Round

Dark