Respiratory

Question 1

Formoterol

Answer 1

Long acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 2

Indacaterol

Answer 2

Long acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 3

Salbutamol

Answer 3

Short acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 4

Salmeterol

Answer 4

Long acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 5

Terbutaline

Answer 5

Short acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 6

Aclidinium

Answer 6

Long acting muscarinic antagonist

Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.

Question 7

Glycopyrronium

Answer 7

Long acting muscarinic antagonist

Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.

Question 8

Ipratropium

Answer 8

Short acting muscarinic antagonist

Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.

Question 9

Tiotropium

Answer 9

Long acting muscarinic antagonist

Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.

Question 10

Umeclidinium

Answer 10

Long acting muscarinic antagonist

Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.

Question 11

Aminophylline

Answer 11

Theophylline

Not entirely understood. Possible effects include bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, anti-inflammatory effects, increase in diaphragm contractility and CNS stimulation.

Question 12

Theophylline

Answer 12

Theophylline

Not entirely understood. Possible effects include bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, anti-inflammatory effects, increase in diaphragm contractility and CNS stimulation.

Question 13

Beclometasone (Inhaled)

Answer 13

ICS

Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity.

Question 14

Budesonide (Inhaled)

Answer 14

ICS

Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity.

Question 15

Ciclesonide (Inhaled)

Answer 15

ICS

Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity.

Question 16

Fluticasone furoate (Inhaled)

Answer 16

ICS

Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity.

Question 17

Fluticasone proprionate (Inhaled)

Answer 17

ICS

Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity.

Question 18

Mometasone (Inhaled)

Answer 18

ICS

Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity.

Question 19

Vilanterol

Answer 19

Ultra-Long acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 20

Olodaterol

Answer 20

Long acting beta2 agonist

Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 adrenoreceptors.

Question 21

Benralizumab

Answer 21

Binds to and blocks the interleukin‑5 receptor (expressed on eosinophils and basophils), reducing the production and survival of eosinophils. Benralizumab also induces eosinophil (and basophil) apoptosis.

Question 22

Dupilumab

Answer 22

Inhibits activity of the cytokines interleukin‑4 and ‑13, which are involved in atopic inflammatory and immune responses.

Question 23

Mepolizumab

Answer 23

Binds to interleukin‑5 (IL‑5), reducing the production and survival of eosinophils.

Question 24

Montelukast

Answer 24

Inhibits the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor; antagonises airway smooth muscle contraction and inflammation caused by leukotrienes.

Question 25

Omalizumab

Answer 25

Binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE), reducing the immune system’s response to allergen exposure.

Question 26

Codeine (respiratory)

Answer 26

Mu opioid receptor agonist Opioid derivatives; they depress the medullary cough centre.

Question 27

Dextromethorphan

Answer 27

Mu opioid receptor agonist Opioid derivatives; they depress the medullary cough centre.

Question 28

Dihydrocodeine

Answer 28

Mu opioid receptor agonist Opioid derivatives; they depress the medullary cough centre.

Question 29

Acetylcysteine (Inhaled)

Answer 29

Mucolytic Reduces mucus viscosity by splitting disulfide bonds in mucoproteins.

Question 30

Bromhexine

Answer 30

Mucolytic Reduces mucus viscosity

Question 31

Dornase alfa

Answer 31

Mucolytic Reduces mucus viscosity in cystic fibrosis by cleaving extracellular DNA.

Question 32

Elexacaftor

Answer 32

Increase the amount and function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein on the cell surface.

Question 33

Lumacaftor

Answer 33

Increases the amount and function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein on the cell surface

Question 34

Tezacaftor

Answer 34

Increase the amount and function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein on the cell surface.

Question 35

Ivacaftor

Answer 35

Increases channel opening of the CFTR protein to facilitate chloride ion transport across cell membranes.

Question 36

Mannitol

Answer 36

Mucolytic Hyperosmotic; it draws fluid into the airway and increases mucus hydration which reduces its viscosity and eases expectoration.

Question 37

Beractant

Answer 37

Pulmonary surfactant Lower alveolar surface tension and increase lung compliance.

Question 38

Poractant alfa

Answer 38

Pulmonary surfactant Lower alveolar surface tension and increase lung compliance.

Question 39

Cacffeine

Answer 39

May stimulate the respiratory centre, increasing the rate and depth of respiration.

Question 40

Pirfenidone

Answer 40

Exact mode of action is unknown. In animal models, it inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and inhibits the proliferation of lung fibroblasts.