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Drugs > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Aluminium hydroxide

A

Neutralise hydrochloric acid secreted by gastric parietal cells.

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2
Q

Combination antacids

A

Neutralise hydrochloric acid secreted by gastric parietal cells.

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3
Q

Famotidine

A

H2 antagonist

Competitively block H2 receptors on parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.

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4
Q

Nizatidine

A

H2 antagonist

Competitively block H2 receptors on parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.

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5
Q

Esomeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Bind to the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system (proton pump), inhibiting both stimulated and basal acid secretion.

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6
Q

Lansoprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Bind to the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system (proton pump), inhibiting both stimulated and basal acid secretion.

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7
Q

Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Bind to the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system (proton pump), inhibiting both stimulated and basal acid secretion.

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8
Q

Pantoprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Bind to the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system (proton pump), inhibiting both stimulated and basal acid secretion.

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9
Q

Rabeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Bind to the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme system (proton pump), inhibiting both stimulated and basal acid secretion.

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10
Q

Bismuth

A

SAS product

Forms an acid‑ and pepsin-resistant protective coating at the ulcer site; may also have antibacterial effects against H. pylori.

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11
Q

Misoprostol

A

Prostaglandin analogue

Prostaglandin E1 analogue that protects GI mucosa by increasing the secretion of mucus in the stomach and stimulating bicarbonate secretion in the duodenum.

Inhibits basal and stimulated acid secretion by a direct action on gastric parietal cells.

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12
Q

Sucralfate

A

Forms a protective barrier at the ulcer site resistant to acid, pepsin and bile.

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13
Q

Cisapride

A

SAS product

Selectively releases acetylcholine at the level of myenteric plexus. Also is a 5HT4 receptor agonist.

Increases lower oesophageal sphincter pressure, oesophageal peristalsis, gastric emptying and small and large intestine motility.

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14
Q

Hyoscine butylbromide

A

Anticholinergic

Smooth muscle relaxant; reduces GI motility and spasm.

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15
Q

Peppermint oil

A

Direct acting smooth muscle relaxant; reduces GI motility and spasm

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15
Q

Mebeverine

A

Direct acting smooth muscle relaxant; reduces GI motility and spasm.

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16
Q

Domperidone

A

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

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17
Q

Droperidol

A

Antipsychotic

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18
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

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19
Q

Prochlorperazine

A

Antipsychotic

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20
Q

Granistron

A

5HT3 antagonist

Central and peripheral 5HT3 receptor blockade.

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21
Q

Ondansetron

A

5HT3 antagonist

Central and peripheral 5HT3 receptor blockade.

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22
Q

Palonsetron

A

5HT3 antagonist

Central and peripheral 5HT3 receptor blockade.

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23
Q

Tropistron

A

5HT3 antagonist

Central and peripheral 5HT3 receptor blockade.

24
Q

Aprepitant

A

Substance P antagonist

Antagonise substance P/neurokinin‑1 receptors.

25
Q

Fosaprepitant

A

Substance P antagonist

Antagonise substance P/neurokinin‑1 receptors.

26
Q

Netupitant

A

Substance P antagonist

Antagonise substance P/neurokinin‑1 receptors.

27
Q

Hyoscine hydrobromide

A

Anticholinergic

Motion sickness (includes fixed-dose combination with dimenhydrinate and caffeine)

28
Q

Docusate

A

Stool softener

Softens stool by assisting mixture of water into faeces. May also increase intestinal fluid secretion.

29
Q

Liquid paraffin

A

Stool softener

Lubricates faecal material to facilitate passage.

30
Q

Poloxamer

A

Stool softener

Softens stool by assisting mixture of water into faeces. May also increase intestinal fluid secretion.

31
Q

Bisacodyl

A

Stimulant laxative

Act by direct stimulation of nerve endings in colonic mucosa to increase intestinal motility. May also cause accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen.

32
Q

Senna

A

Stimulant laxative

Act by direct stimulation of nerve endings in colonic mucosa to increase intestinal motility. May also cause accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen.

33
Q

Sodium picosulfate

A

Stimulant laxative

Act by direct stimulation of nerve endings in colonic mucosa to increase intestinal motility. May also cause accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen.

34
Q

Glycerol/glycerin

A

Osmotic laxative

Non-absorbable sugar. Osmotic laxative; it draws water into the faeces, has lubricating properties and may also act as a stimulant by its local irritant effects.

35
Q

Lactulose

A

Osmotic laxative

Poorly absorbed, metabolised by colonic bacteria; it exerts an osmotic effect in the colon. Increase in intraluminal pressure stimulates peristalsis.

Beneficial effects in hepatic encephalopathy are thought to result from prevention of absorption of ammonia by lowering faecal pH as well as its laxative effect.

36
Q

Macrogol laxatives

A

Osmotic laxative

Macrogols or polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are large polymers with osmotic activity. Most products combine electrolytes with macrogols; these solutions are iso-osmotic with respect to normal intestinal contents, which minimises electrolyte and water loss. Some products also contain sodium sulfate, a saline laxative that stimulates peristalsis.

37
Q

Saline laxatives

A

Osmotic laxatives

Contain poorly absorbed ions such as magnesium, sulfate, phosphate and citrate, which retain fluid in the colon by osmotic effect and stimulate peristalsis.

38
Q

Sorbitol

A

Osmotic laxative

Non-absorbable sugar. Produces osmotic action in the colon.

39
Q

Ispaghula husk

A

Bulk forming laxative

Absorb water in the colon to increase faecal bulk, which stimulates peristaltic activity.

40
Q

Psyllium

A

Bulk forming laxative

Absorb water in the colon to increase faecal bulk, which stimulates peristaltic activity.

41
Q

Methylnaltrexone

A

Peripherally acting competitive mu opioid receptor antagonist. It blocks the constipating effects of opioids in the GIT but has limited ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, therefore does not antagonise their analgesic effects.

42
Q

Prucalopride

A

A 5HT4 receptor agonist that increases GI motility.

43
Q

Diphenoxylate

A

Activate opioid receptors in the gut wall, decreasing bowel motility and increasing fluid absorption.

44
Q

Loperamide

A

Activate opioid receptors in the gut wall, decreasing bowel motility and increasing fluid absorption.

45
Q

Oral rehydration salts

A

Provide fluid, electrolyte and glucose replacement.

46
Q

Budesonide

A

Corticosteroids

Local anti-inflammatory action.

47
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Corticosteroids

Local anti-inflammatory action.

48
Q

Prednisolone

A

Corticosteroids

Local anti-inflammatory action.

49
Q

Balsalazide

A

Corticosteroids

Local anti-inflammatory action.

50
Q

Mesalazine

A

5-Aminosalicylate

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant. Exact mechanism unknown.

51
Q

Olsalazine

A

5-Aminosalicylate

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant. Exact mechanism unknown.

52
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

5-Aminosalicylate

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant. Exact mechanism unknown.

53
Q

Vedolizumab

A

Binds to alpha4-beta7-integrin present on the surface of leucocytes, including T lymphocytes. Inhibits adhesion of T lymphocytes to mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule‑1 (MAdCAM‑1) expressed in the GIT and inhibits GI inflammation.

54
Q

Glyceral trinitrate

A

Release of nitric oxide relaxes internal anal sphincter thereby reducing anal pressure (which is increased in patients with anal fissure) and improving blood flow.

55
Q

Obeticholic acid

A

A farnesoid X receptor agonist; thought to lower hepatic bile acids by decreasing their production and increasing their liver excretion.

56
Q

Orlistat

A

Inhibits GI lipases, preventing absorption of approximately 30% of dietary fat.

57
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

Pancreatic enzymes are essential for fat, carbohydrate and protein digestion. Supplements aim to correct enzymatic deficiency. All products are of porcine origin.

58
Q

Ursodeoxycholic acid

A

Unclear; alters bile acid composition resulting in greater concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid; increases bile acid output and bile flow. Some evidence for immunological mechanisms.

Drugs (42 decks)

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