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Drugs > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Barbiturate

Prolong inhibitory postsynaptic potential by increasing the mean chloride channel opening time and hence the duration of GABA-induced cell membrane hyperpolarisation.

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2
Q

Primidone

A

Barbiturate

Prolong inhibitory postsynaptic potential by increasing the mean chloride channel opening time and hence the duration of GABA-induced cell membrane hyperpolarisation.

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3
Q

Clobazam

A

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA throughout the CNS, resulting in anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and antiepileptic effects.

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4
Q

Clonazepam

A

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA throughout the CNS, resulting in anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and antiepileptic effects.

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5
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA throughout the CNS, resulting in anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and antiepileptic effects.

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6
Q

Lorazepam

A

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA throughout the CNS, resulting in anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and antiepileptic effects.

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7
Q

Midazolam

A

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA throughout the CNS, resulting in anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and antiepileptic effects.

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8
Q

Gabapentin

A

Gabapentinoid

Exact mechanism unknown. Bind to alpha‑2 delta protein subunit of high threshold voltage-dependent calcium channels, reducing calcium influx and neurotransmitter release. Although structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA, they are not known to significantly affect GABA or its receptors.

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9
Q

Pregabalin

A

Gabapentinoid

Exact mechanism unknown. Bind to alpha‑2 delta protein subunit of high threshold voltage-dependent calcium channels, reducing calcium influx and neurotransmitter release. Although structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA, they are not known to significantly affect GABA or its receptors.

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10
Q

Brivaracetam

A

Exact mechanism unknown. Binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A which may modulate neurotransmitter release.

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11
Q

Cannabidiol

A

Exact mode of action is unknown; it is thought to involve neuronal inhibition by modulation of intracellular calcium.

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12
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Prevents repetitive neuronal discharges by blocking voltage-dependent and use-dependent sodium channels.

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13
Q

Ethosuximide

A

Reduces low threshold voltage-dependent calcium conductance in thalamic neurones.

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14
Q

Lacosamide

A

Exact mechanism unknown. In vitro, lacosamide stabilises neuronal membranes by enhancing slow inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels. It may also affect collapsin response mediator protein‑2, a protein involved in neuronal differentiation and axonal growth, which is dysregulated in epilepsy.

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15
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Stabilises presynaptic neuronal membranes by blocking voltage-dependent and use-dependent sodium channels and inhibiting glutamate release.

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16
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Exact mechanism unknown. May modulate neurotransmission by binding to synaptic vesicle protein 2A.

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17
Q

Oxcarbazepine

A

Prevents repetitive neuronal discharges through blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels.

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18
Q

Perampanel

A

Exact mechanism unknown. Non-competitive antagonist at post-synaptic AMPA glutamate receptors; reduces AMPA-induced neuronal excitability (glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS).

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19
Q

Phenytoin

A

Prevents repetitive neuronal discharge by blocking voltage-dependent and use-dependent sodium channels.

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20
Q

Rufinamide

A

Exact mechanism unknown; may suppress neuronal excitability by blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels.

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21
Q

Stiripentol

A

Exact mode of action unknown; it is thought to potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA.

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22
Q

Sulthiame

A

Inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the brain causing intracellular acidification, which may contribute to its anticonvulsant action.

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23
Q

Tiagabine

A

Inhibits neuronal GABA reuptake, increasing GABA-mediated inhibition.

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24
Q

Topiramate

A

In epilepsy, topiramate stabilises presynaptic neuronal membranes by blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels. Enhances activity of GABA on postsynaptic chloride channels.

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25
Q

Valproate

A

Multiple mechanisms. Prevents repetitive neuronal discharge by blocking voltage‑ and use-dependent sodium channels. Other actions include enhancement of GABA, inhibition of glutamate and blockade of T-type calcium channels.

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26
Q

Vigabatrin

A

Irreversibly inhibits GABA aminotransferase, increasing brain concentrations of GABA and GABA-mediated inhibition.

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27
Q

Zonisamide

A

Exact mechanism unknown. Actions include preventing repetitive neuronal discharge by blocking voltage-dependent sodium and T‑type calcium channels, and modulating GABA-mediated neuronal inhibition.

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28
Q

Apomorphine

A

Dopamine agonist

Stimulate dopamine receptors; inhibit prolactin secretion; reduce size of prolactinomas; decrease growth hormone concentration in people with acromegaly.

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29
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Dopamine agonist - ergot derivative

Stimulate dopamine receptors; inhibit prolactin secretion; reduce size of prolactinomas; decrease growth hormone concentration in people with acromegaly.

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30
Q

Cabergoline

A

Dopamine agonist - ergot derivative

Stimulate dopamine receptors; inhibit prolactin secretion; reduce size of prolactinomas; decrease growth hormone concentration in people with acromegaly.

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31
Q

Pramipexole

A

Dopamine agonist

Stimulate dopamine receptors; inhibit prolactin secretion; reduce size of prolactinomas; decrease growth hormone concentration in people with acromegaly.

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32
Q

Ropinirole

A

Dopamine agonist

Stimulate dopamine receptors; inhibit prolactin secretion; reduce size of prolactinomas; decrease growth hormone concentration in people with acromegaly.

33
Q

Rotigotine

A

Dopamine agonist

Stimulate dopamine receptors; inhibit prolactin secretion; reduce size of prolactinomas; decrease growth hormone concentration in people with acromegaly.

34
Q

Benzatropine

A

Anticholinergic

Block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine to produce a wide range of effects including:

  • reduction of relative excess of cholinergic activity that accompanies dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s disease
  • reduction of salivation and gastric secretions; inhibition of intestinal motility
  • reduction of bladder muscle contractility and increase in bladder capacity
  • tachycardia
  • mydriasis and cycloplegia
  • bronchodilation and decrease in bronchial secretions.

Structural variation within the class confers some differences in site of action and adverse effects. Tertiary amines act centrally and peripherally and have the full range of adverse effects, including antinicotinic action at higher doses. Quaternary amines are less active orally and tend to have fewer CNS effects.

35
Q

Trihexyphenidyl

A

Anticholinergic

Block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine to produce a wide range of effects including:

  • reduction of relative excess of cholinergic activity that accompanies dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s disease
  • reduction of salivation and gastric secretions; inhibition of intestinal motility
  • reduction of bladder muscle contractility and increase in bladder capacity
  • tachycardia
  • mydriasis and cycloplegia
  • bronchodilation and decrease in bronchial secretions.

Structural variation within the class confers some differences in site of action and adverse effects. Tertiary amines act centrally and peripherally and have the full range of adverse effects, including antinicotinic action at higher doses. Quaternary amines are less active orally and tend to have fewer CNS effects.

36
Q

Rasagiline

A

Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor

Selegiline and rasagiline are irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO‑B); safinamide is a reversible inhibitor. They reduce breakdown of dopamine and may also block dopamine reuptake.

37
Q

Safinamide

A

Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor

Selegiline and rasagiline are irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO‑B); safinamide is a reversible inhibitor. They reduce breakdown of dopamine and may also block dopamine reuptake.

38
Q

Selegiline

A

Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor

Selegiline and rasagiline are irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO‑B); safinamide is a reversible inhibitor. They reduce breakdown of dopamine and may also block dopamine reuptake.

39
Q

Amantadine

A

Increases dopamine release and blocks cholinergic receptors; acts as a N‑methyl-D‑aspartate (NMDA) antagonist in the glutamatergic pathway from subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus.

Has antiviral activity against some strains of influenza A; prevents release of viral RNA into host cell.

40
Q

Entacapone

A

Inhibits catechol-O‑methyltransferase (COMT), mainly in peripheral tissues; increases the amount of levodopa available to the brain and prolongs the clinical response to levodopa.

41
Q

Levodopa

A

Dopamine agonist

converted to dopamine in the brain and peripheral tissues, and replenishes depleted striatal dopamine.

42
Q

Benserazide

A

peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide or carbidopa) to reduce peripheral dopamine production and also reduce adverse effects (eg nausea, vomiting, hypotension).

43
Q

Carbidopa

A

peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide or carbidopa) to reduce peripheral dopamine production and also reduce adverse effects (eg nausea, vomiting, hypotension).

44
Q

Opicapone

A

Inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), mainly in peripheral tissues; increases the amount of levodopa available to the brain and prolongs the clinical response to levodopa.

45
Q

Eletriptan

A

Triptan

Complex and not well understood. Action at 5HT1B/1D receptors appears to reduce calcitonin gene-related peptide levels and modulate nociception.

46
Q

Naratriptan

A

Triptan

Complex and not well understood. Action at 5HT1B/1D receptors appears to reduce calcitonin gene-related peptide levels and modulate nociception.

47
Q

Rizatriptan

A

Triptan

Complex and not well understood. Action at 5HT1B/1D receptors appears to reduce calcitonin gene-related peptide levels and modulate nociception.

48
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Triptan

Complex and not well understood. Action at 5HT1B/1D receptors appears to reduce calcitonin gene-related peptide levels and modulate nociception.

49
Q

Zolmitriptan

A

Triptan

Complex and not well understood. Action at 5HT1B/1D receptors appears to reduce calcitonin gene-related peptide levels and modulate nociception.

50
Q

Eptinezumab

A

Calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist

Inhibit calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) vasodilation by binding to CGRP

51
Q

Erenumab

A

Inhibit calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) vasodilation by blocking CGRP receptors.

52
Q

Fremanezumab

A

Inhibit calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) vasodilation by binding to CGRP.

53
Q

Galcanezumab

A

Inhibit calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) vasodilation by binding to CGRP.

54
Q

Pizotifen

A

5HT2 antagonist with antihistaminic and weak anticholinergic properties.

55
Q

Donepezil

A

Anticholinesterase

Decrease breakdown of acetylcholine reducing the apparent deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmitter activity in Alzheimer’s disease.

56
Q

Galantamine

A

Anticholinesterase

Decrease breakdown of acetylcholine reducing the apparent deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmitter activity in Alzheimer’s disease.

57
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Anticholinesterase

Decrease breakdown of acetylcholine reducing the apparent deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmitter activity in Alzheimer’s disease.

58
Q

Memantine

A

N‑methyl-D‑aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which may reduce glutamate-induced neuronal degradation. Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be associated with excess glutamate.

59
Q

Fingolimod

A

Sphingosine 1‑phosphate receptor modulators

Reduce lymphocyte infiltration of the CNS (and intestine) by preventing lymphocytes leaving lymph nodes, thus reducing inflammation and demyelination.

60
Q

Ozanimod

A

Sphingosine 1‑phosphate receptor modulators

Reduce lymphocyte infiltration of the CNS (and intestine) by preventing lymphocytes leaving lymph nodes, thus reducing inflammation and demyelination.

61
Q

Siponimod

A

Sphingosine 1‑phosphate receptor modulators

Reduce lymphocyte infiltration of the CNS (and intestine) by preventing lymphocytes leaving lymph nodes, thus reducing inflammation and demyelination.

62
Q

Teriflunomide

A

Inhibits pyrimidine synthesis in leucocytes by inhibiting activity of dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase. Exact mode of action in MS not understood; may reduce numbers of activated lymphocytes in the CNS.

63
Q

Ofatumumab

A

Binds to and depletes CD20-positive B lymphocytes.

64
Q

Ocrelizumab

A

Recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody that selectively depletes CD20-positive B lymphocytes; exact mode of action in MS is unknown.

65
Q

Natalizumab

A

Exact mode of action unknown; binds to alpha‑4 integrins on leucocytes and thought to inhibit leucocyte migration from blood into CNS, thus reducing inflammation and demyelination.

66
Q

Alemtuzumab

A

Recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody that binds to CD52 antigen (present on the surface of most B and T lymphocytes).

67
Q

Cladribine

A

Purine antimetabolite that inhibits DNA repair and synthesis, particularly in lymphocytes.

68
Q

Dimethyl fumarate

A

Exact mode of action unknown; thought to involve antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects via activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 transcriptional pathway.

69
Q

Diroximel fumarate

A

Exact mode of action unknown; thought to involve antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects via activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 transcriptional pathway.

70
Q

Fampridine

A

Potassium channel blocker. Exact mechanism unknown; may restore neuronal conduction by reducing leakage of current from demyelinated axons.

71
Q

Glatiramer

A

Synthetic polypeptide; its mode of action is not completely understood but it may block presentation of certain myelin antigens to T lymphocytes.

72
Q

Interferon beta

A

Nomenclature 1a and 1b refers to slight differences in amino acid sequence of interferon beta.

73
Q

Neostigmine

A

Anticholinesterase

Reduce breakdown of neuronally released acetylcholine by inhibiting cholinesterase; enhance neuromuscular transmission in skeletal and smooth muscles.

74
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Anticholinesterase

Reduce breakdown of neuronally released acetylcholine by inhibiting cholinesterase; enhance neuromuscular transmission in skeletal and smooth muscles.

75
Q

Dantrolene

A

A direct acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Decreases muscle contraction by interfering with calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

76
Q

Riluzole

A

Exact mechanism of action is unknown; may act by inhibiting glutamate neurotransmission and accumulation (glutamate may play a role in cell death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and may also involve inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels.

77
Q

Tetrabenazine

A

Depletes levels of dopamine in the CNS.

78
Q
A

Drugs (42 decks)

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