Respiration Flashcards
What is respiration?
Respiration is the biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
True or False: Respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen.
False
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen is called _____ respiration.
anaerobic
What are the two main types of respiration?
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
What is the main product of aerobic respiration?
ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Which organelle is primarily involved in aerobic respiration?
Mitochondria
What is glycolysis?
The first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules
True or False: Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration in animals.
True
What are the end products of alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the Krebs cycle also known as?
Citric acid cycle
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
What is produced during the Krebs cycle?
NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The process where ATP is produced using the energy derived from the electron transport chain.
True or False: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
True
Fill in the blank: The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in the _____ of the mitochondria.
matrix
What is the role of NAD+ in respiration?
NAD+ acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration.
Which type of respiration is more efficient in terms of ATP yield?
Aerobic respiration
What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
Approximately 30-32 ATP molecules
What happens during the electron transport chain?
Electrons are transferred through a series of proteins, leading to the pumping of protons and ATP synthesis.
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
Fill in the blank: The substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during _____ and the Krebs cycle.
glycolysis
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
True or False: Fermentation can occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
True
What is the term for the process of producing ATP without the use of oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation.
What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
Alcoholic fermentation
What is the primary purpose of respiration?
To produce ATP for cellular activities.
Which molecule is produced during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
NADH
What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water.
Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down fatty acids for energy is called _____ oxidation.
beta
What is the main energy source for the body during prolonged exercise?
Fatty acids
What is the role of FAD in cellular respiration?
FAD functions as an electron carrier similar to NAD+.
True or False: The energy yield from anaerobic respiration is higher than that from aerobic respiration.
False
What is the significance of the proton gradient in the electron transport chain?
It is used to drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
What is the role of ATP synthase?
ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the proton gradient.
Which stage of respiration produces the most ATP?
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Fill in the blank: The process of converting glucose into pyruvate is called _____.
glycolysis
What is the role of coenzyme A in respiration?
Coenzyme A is involved in the transport of acetyl groups to the Krebs cycle.
What is produced during the breakdown of fatty acids?
Acetyl-CoA and NADH.
What is the effect of lactic acid accumulation on muscles?
It can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.
True or False: ATP can be produced via both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
True
What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?
To produce electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) for the electron transport chain.
Fill in the blank: The process of respiration occurs in _____ stages.
three
What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain?
To create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.
What happens to the carbon dioxide produced during respiration?
It is expelled from the body as a waste product.
Fill in the blank: The energy released during respiration is used to regenerate _____ from ADP.
ATP
What role do enzymes play in respiration?
Enzymes catalyze the biochemical reactions involved in respiration.
What is anaerobic respiration’s energy yield compared to aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration yields less energy (2 ATP) compared to aerobic respiration (30-32 ATP).
What is the term for the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
True or False: The efficiency of ATP production is higher in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration.
False
What is the main purpose of respiration in living organisms?
To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
Fill in the blank: During the Krebs cycle, _____ is regenerated to continue the cycle.
oxaloacetate
What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?
It enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA.
What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in respiration?
It houses the proteins of the electron transport chain.
What molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle?
NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide.
Fill in the blank: The process of ATP production via the electron transport chain is called _____ phosphorylation.
oxidative
What is the significance of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, allowing the chain to continue functioning.
What is a limiting factor in aerobic respiration?
Availability of oxygen.
What are the inputs of glycolysis?
Glucose and 2 ATP.
What is the primary output of the Krebs cycle?
NADH and FADH2.
What is the process of converting glucose to pyruvate called?
Glycolysis.
True or False: Anaerobic respiration occurs only in prokaryotes.
False
What is the fate of NADH produced in glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
It is oxidized in the electron transport chain.
What is the primary energy source for cellular processes?
ATP.
True or False: Respiration is an exothermic reaction.
True
What is the role of cytochromes in the electron transport chain?
Cytochromes are proteins that transfer electrons.
What is the main purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
Fill in the blank: The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid occurs in _____ conditions.
anaerobic
What is the yield of ATP in alcoholic fermentation?
2 ATP molecules.
What is the primary product of lactic acid fermentation?
Lactic acid.
What is the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
The first half of glycolysis where 2 ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose.
Which pathway is utilized when oxygen is scarce during exercise?
Anaerobic respiration.
What is the role of the mitochondrial membrane in ATP production?
It creates a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.
Fill in the blank: The process of respiration can be summarized as _____ + oxygen → ATP + carbon dioxide + water.
glucose
What is the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in respiration.
What is the significance of the proton motive force?
It drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
What is the primary source of electrons in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2.
