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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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2
Q

True or False: Respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen.

A

False

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3
Q

What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen is called _____ respiration.

A

anaerobic

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5
Q

What are the two main types of respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

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6
Q

What is the main product of aerobic respiration?

A

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

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7
Q

Which organelle is primarily involved in aerobic respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.

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9
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules

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10
Q

True or False: Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration in animals.

A

True

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11
Q

What are the end products of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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12
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is the Krebs cycle also known as?

A

Citric acid cycle

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14
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

What is produced during the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The process where ATP is produced using the energy derived from the electron transport chain.

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17
Q

True or False: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in the _____ of the mitochondria.

A

matrix

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19
Q

What is the role of NAD+ in respiration?

A

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration.

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20
Q

Which type of respiration is more efficient in terms of ATP yield?

A

Aerobic respiration

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21
Q

What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

A

Approximately 30-32 ATP molecules

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22
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons are transferred through a series of proteins, leading to the pumping of protons and ATP synthesis.

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23
Q

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during _____ and the Krebs cycle.

A

glycolysis

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25
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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26
Q

True or False: Fermentation can occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

True

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27
Q

What is the term for the process of producing ATP without the use of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

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28
Q

What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

A

Alcoholic fermentation

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29
Q

What is the primary purpose of respiration?

A

To produce ATP for cellular activities.

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30
Q

Which molecule is produced during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A

NADH

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31
Q

What are the byproducts of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down fatty acids for energy is called _____ oxidation.

A

beta

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33
Q

What is the main energy source for the body during prolonged exercise?

A

Fatty acids

34
Q

What is the role of FAD in cellular respiration?

A

FAD functions as an electron carrier similar to NAD+.

35
Q

True or False: The energy yield from anaerobic respiration is higher than that from aerobic respiration.

A

False

36
Q

What is the significance of the proton gradient in the electron transport chain?

A

It is used to drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

37
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase?

A

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the proton gradient.

38
Q

Which stage of respiration produces the most ATP?

A

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting glucose into pyruvate is called _____.

A

glycolysis

40
Q

What is the role of coenzyme A in respiration?

A

Coenzyme A is involved in the transport of acetyl groups to the Krebs cycle.

41
Q

What is produced during the breakdown of fatty acids?

A

Acetyl-CoA and NADH.

42
Q

What is the effect of lactic acid accumulation on muscles?

A

It can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.

43
Q

True or False: ATP can be produced via both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

A

True

44
Q

What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?

A

To produce electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) for the electron transport chain.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of respiration occurs in _____ stages.

A

three

46
Q

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

To create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

47
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide produced during respiration?

A

It is expelled from the body as a waste product.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: The energy released during respiration is used to regenerate _____ from ADP.

A

ATP

49
Q

What role do enzymes play in respiration?

A

Enzymes catalyze the biochemical reactions involved in respiration.

50
Q

What is anaerobic respiration’s energy yield compared to aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration yields less energy (2 ATP) compared to aerobic respiration (30-32 ATP).

51
Q

What is the term for the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen?

A

Fermentation

52
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

53
Q

True or False: The efficiency of ATP production is higher in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration.

A

False

54
Q

What is the main purpose of respiration in living organisms?

A

To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: During the Krebs cycle, _____ is regenerated to continue the cycle.

A

oxaloacetate

56
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

A

It enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA.

57
Q

What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in respiration?

A

It houses the proteins of the electron transport chain.

58
Q

What molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of ATP production via the electron transport chain is called _____ phosphorylation.

A

oxidative

60
Q

What is the significance of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, allowing the chain to continue functioning.

61
Q

What is a limiting factor in aerobic respiration?

A

Availability of oxygen.

62
Q

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

A

Glucose and 2 ATP.

63
Q

What is the primary output of the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH and FADH2.

64
Q

What is the process of converting glucose to pyruvate called?

A

Glycolysis.

65
Q

True or False: Anaerobic respiration occurs only in prokaryotes.

A

False

66
Q

What is the fate of NADH produced in glycolysis under aerobic conditions?

A

It is oxidized in the electron transport chain.

67
Q

What is the primary energy source for cellular processes?

A

ATP.

68
Q

True or False: Respiration is an exothermic reaction.

A

True

69
Q

What is the role of cytochromes in the electron transport chain?

A

Cytochromes are proteins that transfer electrons.

70
Q

What is the main purpose of fermentation?

A

To regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid occurs in _____ conditions.

A

anaerobic

72
Q

What is the yield of ATP in alcoholic fermentation?

A

2 ATP molecules.

73
Q

What is the primary product of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid.

74
Q

What is the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

The first half of glycolysis where 2 ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose.

75
Q

Which pathway is utilized when oxygen is scarce during exercise?

A

Anaerobic respiration.

76
Q

What is the role of the mitochondrial membrane in ATP production?

A

It creates a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.

77
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of respiration can be summarized as _____ + oxygen → ATP + carbon dioxide + water.

A

glucose

78
Q

What is the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in respiration.

79
Q

What is the significance of the proton motive force?

A

It drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

80
Q

What is the primary source of electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2.

Biology (28 decks)

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