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Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

A

To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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2
Q

Which organisms primarily perform photosynthesis?

A

Plants, algae, and some bacteria.

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3
Q

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll.

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4
Q

In which part of the plant does photosynthesis primarily occur?

A

In the leaves.

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5
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

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6
Q

True or False: Photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of sunlight.

A

True.

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7
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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8
Q

What is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen.

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9
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

A

In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.

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10
Q

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

A

Water is split to provide electrons and protons, releasing oxygen.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The light-independent reactions are also known as the _____ cycle.

A

Calvin.

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12
Q

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

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13
Q

Which molecule acts as an electron carrier in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+.

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14
Q

What is the primary energy source for photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight.

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15
Q

True or False: The Calvin cycle requires light directly.

A

False.

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16
Q

What is the initial carbon source for the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2).

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17
Q

Which enzyme is crucial for fixing carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO).

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18
Q

What is the significance of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs.

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19
Q

What are the two types of chlorophyll found in plants?

A

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ captures light energy during photosynthesis.

A

chlorophyll.

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21
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The process of splitting water molecules using light energy.

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22
Q

Which gas is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2).

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23
Q

What role do accessory pigments play in photosynthesis?

A

They capture additional light wavelengths and transfer energy to chlorophyll.

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24
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Increased temperature generally increases the rate up to a certain point before it denatures enzymes.

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25
Q

What is the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

A

Higher light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until a saturation point is reached.

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26
Q

What is the role of ATP in photosynthesis?

A

ATP provides energy for the Calvin cycle.

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27
Q

True or False: The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide.

A

False.

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28
Q

What is the main carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis?

A

Glucose.

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the liquid surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts.

A

stroma.

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

A

To convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

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31
Q

What happens to the products of the light-dependent reactions?

A

They are used in the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.

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32
Q

Which phase of photosynthesis directly requires sunlight?

A

Light-dependent reactions.

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33
Q

What is the main role of the thylakoid membrane?

A

To house the components necessary for the light-dependent reactions.

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34
Q

What do plants do with excess glucose produced during photosynthesis?

A

They can store it as starch.

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35
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ cycle is essential for the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

A

Calvin.

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36
Q

Which part of the chloroplast contains chlorophyll?

A

Thylakoids.

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37
Q

What is the role of RuBP in the Calvin cycle?

A

RuBP combines with CO2 to initiate the cycle.

38
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?

A

Through stomata.

39
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when carbon dioxide levels increase?

A

The rate of photosynthesis increases until it reaches a saturation point.

40
Q

True or False: All wavelengths of light are equally effective for photosynthesis.

A

False.

41
Q

What is the main factor limiting photosynthesis in low light conditions?

A

Insufficient light intensity.

42
Q

What is the significance of the light-independent reactions?

A

They synthesize glucose using ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions.

43
Q

Fill in the blank: The enzyme _____ is crucial for the conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose.

A

RuBisCO.

44
Q

What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?

A

NADPH provides reducing power for the Calvin cycle.

45
Q

Which process do plants use to store energy in the form of glucose?

A

Photosynthesis.

46
Q

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

A

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

47
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the site of the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast.

A

stroma.

48
Q

What happens to the G3P produced in the Calvin cycle?

A

It can be used to form glucose and other carbohydrates.

49
Q

Which environmental factor can reduce the rate of photosynthesis during hot weather?

A

Water availability.

50
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, while cellular respiration uses them to produce energy.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: In the Calvin cycle, carbon fixation occurs when CO2 is attached to _____.

A

RuBP.

52
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

The process of generating ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using light energy.

53
Q

What is the role of the stroma in chloroplasts?

A

It is the site of the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

54
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ is the first stable product formed in the Calvin cycle.

A

3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate).

55
Q

What are the main inputs for the light-dependent reactions?

A

Light energy, water, and ADP/NADP+.

56
Q

Which two products of photosynthesis are essential for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

57
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ hypothesis explains how chlorophyll absorbs light.

A

resonance.

58
Q

What is the purpose of the light-harvesting complexes in photosynthesis?

A

To capture and funnel light energy to the reaction center.

59
Q

Which factor can lead to photorespiration, reducing photosynthesis efficiency?

A

High oxygen concentration.

60
Q

Fill in the blank: The enzyme _____ is responsible for the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

A

RuBisCO.

61
Q

What is the effect of increased temperature on the enzymes involved in photosynthesis?

A

Increased temperature can enhance enzyme activity up to an optimal point, beyond which enzymes may denature.

62
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

A

To carry out photosynthesis.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: The light-dependent reactions produce _____ and NADPH.

A

ATP.

64
Q

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

A

To transfer electrons and create a proton gradient for ATP production.

65
Q

Which type of photosynthesis occurs in plants that grow in hot, dry environments?

A

C4 photosynthesis.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ cycle is also known as the dark reactions.

A

Calvin.

67
Q

What is the role of the guard cells in leaves?

A

To regulate the opening and closing of stomata.

68
Q

True or False: All plants are capable of performing photosynthesis.

A

False.

69
Q

What is the main difference between C3 and C4 photosynthesis?

A

C4 plants have an additional step to fix CO2 and can efficiently photosynthesize in low CO2 conditions.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.

A

chlorophyll.

71
Q

What is the primary source of carbon for photosynthesis?

A

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).

72
Q

What is the role of the ATP synthase enzyme in photosynthesis?

A

To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using a proton gradient.

73
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons.

A

electron transport chain.

74
Q

What happens to the energy captured during the light-dependent reactions?

A

It is stored in ATP and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ produces glucose as a final product of photosynthesis.

A

Calvin cycle.

76
Q

What is the main function of stomata in photosynthesis?

A

To allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out).

77
Q

What is the effect of high temperatures on photosynthesis?

A

It can lead to increased rates of photorespiration, reducing efficiency.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: _____ is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis.

79
Q

What is the significance of the proton gradient in photosynthesis?

A

It drives ATP synthesis during the light-dependent reactions.

80
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the fluid-filled space in chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.

A

stroma.

81
Q

What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a key enzyme in the light-independent reactions.

A

RuBisCO.

83
Q

What is the effect of light wavelength on photosynthesis?

A

Different wavelengths of light are absorbed differently; red and blue light are most effective.

84
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the part of the chloroplast that contains chlorophyll.

A

thylakoid.

85
Q

What is the primary purpose of the light reactions?

A

To convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: The light-dependent reactions require _____ to proceed.

A

light.

87
Q

What is the main product of the light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH.

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions.

A

Calvin.

89
Q

What is the significance of chlorophyll a and b?

A

They absorb light at different wavelengths, optimizing energy capture.

90
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A

Calvin.

91
Q

Which molecule is the final product of the Calvin cycle that can be used to form glucose?

A

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

Biology (28 decks)

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