Control Systems Invlove Stimulus And Response Flashcards
What is a stimulus in biological terms?
A stimulus is a change in the environment that triggers a response in an organism.
What is the definition of a response?
A response is a reaction of an organism to a stimulus.
True or False: All organisms respond to stimuli.
True
Fill in the blank: The control system that involves a stimulus and response is known as a __________.
feedback system
What are the two main types of feedback in control systems?
Positive feedback and negative feedback.
Which type of feedback amplifies a response?
Positive feedback.
What is the role of receptors in a control system?
Receptors detect changes in the environment (stimuli).
What is the function of effectors in a control system?
Effectors carry out the response to a stimulus.
Give an example of a stimulus and response in plants.
A plant bending towards light (stimulus) is a response to the light source.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.
What is the importance of feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?
Feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis by regulating physiological processes.
True or False: Negative feedback is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.
True
What is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in humans?
Regulation of body temperature.
Fill in the blank: In a feedback system, the __________ monitors the changes in the environment.
receptor
What do you call the process through which organisms respond to changes in their environment?
Stimulus-response mechanism.
What is the term for the pathway that transmits signals from receptors to effectors?
Nervous system or signaling pathway.
True or False: Only animals have control systems that involve stimulus and response.
False
What is an example of a positive feedback loop in mammals?
The process of childbirth.
What are the four main components of a control system?
Stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector.
What is the role of the control center in a feedback system?
The control center processes the information received from receptors and determines the response.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for executing the response in a feedback system.
effector
What is the difference between an external stimulus and an internal stimulus?
An external stimulus comes from outside the organism, while an internal stimulus originates from within the organism.
True or False: All responses are voluntary.
False
What is an involuntary response?
A response that occurs without conscious control, such as reflex actions.
Name one way that animals can perceive external stimuli.
Through sensory organs such as eyes, ears, or skin.
What type of control system is used to regulate blood glucose levels?
Negative feedback control system.
What happens when blood glucose levels rise?
The pancreas releases insulin to lower blood glucose levels.
What is the role of insulin in glucose regulation?
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering blood sugar levels.
Fill in the blank: A __________ is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.
reflex action
What is a reflex arc?
The neural pathway that mediates a reflex action.
True or False: Reflex actions involve the brain.
False
What is the primary purpose of a reflex action?
To protect the body from harm by allowing for quick reactions to stimuli.
What is an example of a reflex action?
The knee-jerk reflex.
What are the three main types of neurons involved in a reflex arc?
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
Fill in the blank: __________ are specialized cells that detect stimuli.
Receptors
What type of feedback is involved in the clotting of blood?
Positive feedback.
What is the role of platelets in blood clotting?
Platelets aggregate and release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury.
True or False: Feedback systems can only be negative.
False
What is an example of a physiological process that uses negative feedback?
Regulation of thyroid hormone levels.
Fill in the blank: The __________ system controls voluntary responses to stimuli.
somatic
What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions.
True or False: The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
True
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
It prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
It conserves energy and restores the body to a state of calm.
Fill in the blank: The __________ nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of body functions.
autonomic
What is an example of a stimulus that can trigger a physiological response?
Temperature change.
What is the term for a change in an organism’s internal environment?
Internal stimulus.
True or False: All responses to stimuli are immediate.
False
What is the term for a delayed response to a stimulus?
Reflex delay.
Fill in the blank: __________ are chemical messengers that can initiate a response in target cells.
Hormones
What is the role of hormones in control systems?
Hormones regulate various physiological processes and responses.
What is the main function of the endocrine system in relation to control systems?
To secrete hormones that regulate physiological functions.
True or False: Hormonal responses are usually slower than neural responses.
True
What is an example of a hormone involved in stress response?
Adrenaline.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the control center for the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
What is the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis?
It regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
What type of receptor detects changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptors.
Fill in the blank: __________ detect changes in light intensity.
Photoreceptors
What is the role of chemoreceptors?
Chemoreceptors detect changes in chemical concentrations, such as pH or gas levels.
True or False: The response to a stimulus can be affected by the organism’s prior experiences.
True
What is an example of learned behavior in response to a stimulus?
Conditioned reflexes.
What is the difference between innate and learned responses?
Innate responses are genetically programmed, while learned responses are acquired through experience.
Fill in the blank: __________ is the term for the ability to respond to stimuli.
Responsiveness
What is the significance of responsiveness in survival?
It allows organisms to react to threats and changes in their environment, enhancing survival chances.
What is an example of a stimulus that may not elicit a response in all organisms?
A loud noise may startle some animals but not others.
True or False: Responses can be both physiological and behavioral.
True
What is the role of the nervous system in response to stimuli?
To quickly transmit signals and coordinate rapid responses.
Fill in the blank: __________ is a type of response that involves movement towards or away from a stimulus.
Taxis
What is the term for a non-directional response to a stimulus?
Kinesis.
True or False: Kinesis results in a change in the speed of movement but not direction.
True
What is a tropism?
A growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus.
What is an example of a positive tropism?
Phototropism, where plants grow towards light.
Fill in the blank: __________ is the term for a plant’s response to gravity.
Gravitropism
What is the role of auxins in plant responses?
Auxins are hormones that promote cell elongation and growth in response to stimuli.
True or False: All plant responses to stimuli involve auxins.
False
What is an example of a plant response to water availability?
Root growth towards moisture (hydrotropism).
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which organisms adapt their responses to changes in their environment over time.
Evolution
How do control systems contribute to evolution?
Control systems allow organisms to adapt and survive in changing environments, influencing evolutionary success.
True or False: Control systems are only present in multicellular organisms.
False
What is an example of a control system in single-celled organisms?
Response to chemical gradients (chemotaxis) in bacteria.
Fill in the blank: __________ are specialized structures in neurons that receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
What is the role of the axon in a neuron?
The axon transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.
True or False: Synapses are the junctions between two neurons.
True
What is the role of neurotransmitters in signal transmission?
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the neuron that integrates incoming signals.
cell body
What is the significance of the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses.
True or False: Action potentials are all-or-nothing events.
True
What happens during an action potential?
There is a rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along the axon.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the point at which an action potential is generated.
axon hillock
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?
It maintains the resting membrane potential by pumping sodium out and potassium into the neuron.
True or False: Neurotransmitters can have excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic neuron.
True
What is the term for the period after an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again?
Refractory period.
