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Biology > Biological Reactions In Cells Are Controlled By Enzymes > Flashcards

Biological Reactions In Cells Are Controlled By Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in cells.

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2
Q

True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes lower the __________ energy of a reaction.

A

activation

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4
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

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5
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is the reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

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6
Q

What model describes how enzymes and substrates interact?

A

The lock and key model.

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7
Q

True or False: Enzymes can catalyze multiple different reactions.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Increased temperature generally increases enzyme activity up to a certain point, after which it may denature.

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9
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Denaturation is the process in which an enzyme loses its functional shape and activity due to external stressors.

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10
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Each enzyme has an optimal pH range where its activity is maximized; deviations can reduce activity.

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11
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

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12
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Inhibitors are substances that decrease enzyme activity.

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13
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.

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14
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition?

A

Non-competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme away from the active site, changing its shape.

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15
Q

What is an enzyme’s turnover number?

A

The turnover number is the maximum number of substrate molecules converted to product by an enzyme per unit time.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are often named after their __________.

A

substrates

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17
Q

What is the role of enzyme cofactors?

A

Cofactors are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their catalytic activity.

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18
Q

True or False: All enzymes are proteins.

A

False; some are RNA molecules called ribozymes.

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19
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

The induced fit model suggests that the active site of an enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate upon binding.

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20
Q

What is substrate concentration’s effect on enzyme activity?

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity until a saturation point is reached.

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21
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrates from a group of similar chemical molecules.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be affected by __________ and __________.

A

temperature; pH

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23
Q

What is enzyme regulation?

A

Enzyme regulation is the process of controlling enzymatic activity through various mechanisms.

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24
Q

What are allosteric sites?

A

Allosteric sites are sites on an enzyme where molecules can bind, causing a change in enzyme activity.

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25
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an upstream process.

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26
Q

What is the difference between a simple enzyme and a conjugated enzyme?

A

Simple enzymes consist only of proteins, while conjugated enzymes contain a non-protein component.

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27
Q

True or False: Enzymes can function in both forward and reverse reactions.

A

True

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28
Q

What is the significance of enzyme kinetics?

A

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and how they change with varying conditions.

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29
Q

What is a reaction’s activation energy?

A

Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

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30
Q

What are the two main types of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ model is used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions.

A

induced fit

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32
Q

What is the role of temperature in enzyme activity?

A

Temperature influences the kinetic energy of molecules, affecting the rate of enzyme activity.

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33
Q

What happens to enzymes at extremely high temperatures?

A

Enzymes may denature and lose their functional shape.

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34
Q

What is the effect of high substrate concentration on enzyme activity?

A

At high substrate concentrations, enzyme activity reaches a maximum rate, known as Vmax.

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35
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are substances that enhance enzyme activity.

A

Activators

36
Q

What is the importance of enzyme cofactors?

A

Cofactors are essential for the proper functioning of some enzymes by assisting in the catalytic process.

37
Q

What is the role of ribozymes?

A

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can catalyze biochemical reactions, similar to protein enzymes.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be affected by __________ and __________.

A

inhibitors; activators

39
Q

What is the term for the maximum rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

A

Vmax

40
Q

What factors can affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators.

41
Q

What is enzyme saturation?

A

Enzyme saturation occurs when all active sites of an enzyme are occupied by substrates.

42
Q

What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?

A

To catalyze and regulate biochemical reactions.

43
Q

True or False: Enzymes can be reused multiple times.

A

True

44
Q

What is the significance of enzyme specificity?

A

Enzyme specificity ensures that enzymes catalyze only specific reactions, preventing undesired reactions.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes work best at their __________ temperature and pH.

A

optimal

46
Q

What does the term ‘enzyme efficiency’ refer to?

A

Enzyme efficiency refers to the rate at which an enzyme converts substrate into product.

47
Q

What role do competitive inhibitors play in enzyme activity?

A

Competitive inhibitors block the active site, preventing substrate binding.

48
Q

What is a key characteristic of enzymes?

A

Enzymes are highly specific for their substrates.

49
Q

True or False: Enzymes are influenced by the concentration of reactants.

A

True

50
Q

What is the role of allosteric regulation?

A

Allosteric regulation modulates enzyme activity by binding to sites other than the active site.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be inhibited by __________.

A

toxins

52
Q

What is the importance of the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The enzyme-substrate complex is crucial for catalyzing the conversion of substrates into products.

53
Q

What happens to enzyme activity when the temperature exceeds the optimal range?

A

Enzyme activity decreases, and the enzyme may denature.

54
Q

What are the two main types of enzyme catalysis?

A

Lock and key and induced fit.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are typically named using the suffix __________.

A

ase

56
Q

What is the effect of pH on enzyme structure?

A

Extreme pH levels can disrupt hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds, leading to denaturation.

57
Q

What is the significance of enzyme kinetics in biochemistry?

A

Enzyme kinetics helps in understanding how enzymes function and how they can be regulated.

58
Q

What is the primary role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

A

To facilitate and regulate biochemical reactions.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be __________ by environmental factors.

A

regulated

60
Q

What does the term ‘enzyme inhibition’ refer to?

A

The process by which the activity of an enzyme is decreased.

61
Q

How do temperature changes affect the rate of enzyme reactions?

A

Increased temperature usually increases reaction rates up to a point, after which enzyme activity declines.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ of an enzyme is critical for its function.

A

structure

63
Q

What is a common example of a coenzyme?

A

NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

64
Q

What happens to enzymes at low temperatures?

A

Enzyme activity is reduced due to decreased molecular movement.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzyme activity can be measured by the rate of __________ formation.

A

product

66
Q

What is the role of feedback mechanisms in enzyme activity?

A

Feedback mechanisms regulate enzyme activity to maintain homeostasis in metabolic pathways.

67
Q

What is enzyme specificity based on?

A

The specific shape and chemical properties of the enzyme and substrate.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can lower the __________ energy needed to initiate a reaction.

A

activation

69
Q

What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten equation?

A

It describes the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions as a function of substrate concentration.

70
Q

What is a key factor in determining an enzyme’s activity?

A

The concentration of substrate available.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ model explains how enzymes can adjust to substrate binding.

A

induced fit

72
Q

What are the common characteristics of enzymes?

A

They are specific, reusable, and affected by environmental conditions.

73
Q

What is the role of temperature in enzyme catalysis?

A

Temperature affects kinetic energy and reaction rates, influencing enzyme activity.

74
Q

What is the significance of enzyme-substrate complex stability?

A

A stable complex increases the likelihood of product formation.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be classified as __________ or __________.

A

simple; conjugated

76
Q

What is the role of environmental factors in enzyme activity?

A

Environmental factors such as temperature and pH influence enzyme structure and function.

77
Q

What does it mean for an enzyme to be ‘saturated’?

A

It means all active sites are occupied, and increasing substrate concentration won’t increase the reaction rate.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme.

A

Competitive

79
Q

What is the role of serine proteases?

A

Serine proteases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins.

80
Q

What does the term ‘enzyme activity’ refer to?

A

The rate at which an enzyme converts substrate into product.

81
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are __________ by inhibitors.

A

inhibited

82
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars?

A

Amylase.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can undergo __________ when exposed to extreme conditions.

A

denaturation

84
Q

What is the role of metal ions in enzyme function?

A

Metal ions can act as cofactors, assisting in the enzymatic reaction.

85
Q

What is the term for the study of enzyme kinetics?

A

Enzyme kinetics.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are specific to their __________.

A

substrates

Biology (28 decks)

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