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Biology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

Testes definition?

A

The primary sex organs that produce sperm and testosterone, the male sex hormone. The testes are located in the scrotum, a thin sac of skin outside the abdomen.

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2
Q

Seminal Vesicles definition?

A

A pair of pouch-like glands that produce fluids that become semen. They are located in the male pelvis, in front of the rectum and behind the bladder.

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3
Q

Prostate definition?

A

Produces a milky white fluid that contains enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals that support sperm during ejaculation. The prostate also contains smooth muscle that can constrict to prevent the flow of urine or semen.

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4
Q

Bulbourethral glands definition?

A

Also known as Cowper’s glands, these glands contribute fluid to the ejaculate.

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5
Q

Epididymis definition?

A

A crescent-shaped, paired structure that transports sperm from the reproductive glands. It is located along the back of the testes.

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6
Q

Urethra definition?

A

A shared structure between the male reproductive and urinary systems. In the reproductive system, it provides a passage for sperm and seminal fluid during ejaculation. In the urinary system, it provides a passage for urine excretion.

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7
Q

Ovaries definition:

A

A pair of small, almond-shaped organs that produce eggs during ovulation.

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8
Q

Uterus definition:

A

A pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg implants and a baby develops. The uterus is also responsible for the menstrual cycle.

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9
Q

Fallopian tubes definition:

A

A pair of muscular tubes that lie near the ovaries.

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10
Q

Cervix definition:

A

A cylindrical-shaped part of the uterus that protrudes into the vaginal canal.

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11
Q

Clitoris definition:

A

The most sensitive part of the vulva, which enables sexual pleasure.

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12
Q

Labia minora definition:

A

A pair of thin folds that surround the clitoris, vaginal orifice, and urinary orifice.

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13
Q

Bartholin’s gland definition:

A

A pea-sized gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vagina and vulva.

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14
Q

Mons pubis definition:

A

A rounded mass of fatty tissue that lies over the pubic bones.

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15
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The female reproductive system experiences cyclic changes known as the menstrual cycle, which prepares the body for ovulation and pregnancy.

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16
Q

At what age or phase does the menstrual cycle begin and end?

A

Menstruation typically begins around age 12.4 (menarche) and involves hormonal shifts.
This cycle ends at menopause, usually around age 51.

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17
Q

Gametes definition?

A

Specialized reproductive cells with half the genetic material (haploid) of normal body cells.

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18
Q

What is Gametogenesis and where does it occur?

A

The process through which gametes are formed, involving meiosis and cellular
differentiation.

Gametogenesis occurs in the gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females).

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19
Q

Meiosis definition?

A

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, ensuring offspring have the correct chromosome count when gametes fuse during fertilization.

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20
Q

Gametogenesis in Male?

A

-Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
-Starts with a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid sperm cells.
-Sperm cells are specialized for mobility and fertilization.

21
Q

Gametogenesis in female?

A

-Takes place in the ovaries.
-Begins with a diploid cell that divides by meiosis to form one viable egg (ovum) and three polar bodies (non-functional cells).
-The egg contains nutrients to support early embryonic development after fertilization

22
Q

Five phases of menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular, Luteal, Fertilization, Implantation, Development.

23
Q

Where do egg cells grow in to stimulate its growth?

A

Follicles

24
Q

What stimulates the follicles growth?

A

FSH, produced by pituitary glands.

25
Q

When does the follicular stage begin?

A

Between the first and eleventh day from the starts of the menstrual cycle.

26
Q

What is estrogen and what does it stimulate?

A

They are hormones secreted by the follicle. It stimulates:
1)Repair and growth of the uterine wall in preparation for implanting
2)Growth of mammary glands
3)Inhibits further production of FSH to prevent more development of the ovum.

27
Q

What is LH and when is it produced and what does it stimulate?

A

LH(Luteinizing Hormone) is released by the pituitary gland. This stimulates maturation of the follicle along with the ovum.

28
Q

How and when is the ovum released?

A

The level of estrogen, LH and FSH increase suddenly leading to release of the ovum from the follicle in a process known as ovulation.

29
Q

Which organ or gland produces progesterone and Oestrogen?

A

Corpus luteum, which is the remaining mass of follicle.

30
Q

What does the progesterone and oestrogen do?

A

Thicken the uterine wall in preparation for implantation in the luteal stage.

31
Q

Fertilization explanation?

A

The egg moves along the oviduct with the help of cilia and muscle contraction. It then meets the sperm cell where fertilization occurs forming a zygote that divides mitotically forming a mass of identical cells knows as the embryo.

32
Q

How does Implantation occur?

A

The embryo reaches the uterus where is sinks and gets attached to its wall in a process known as implantation. Here progesterone and a small amount of oestrogen are released to increase blood supply to the uterine wall maintaining pregnancy.

33
Q

How does the embryo adapt after implantation?

A

After implantation, the embryo develops villi that anchor it to the uterine wall, facilitating nutrient and oxygen exchange from the mother’s blood. As it grows into a fetus, the villi form the placenta, which ensures efficient exchange between maternal and fetal blood without mixing.

34
Q

How does the placenta connect to the fetus?

A

Via the umbilical cord.

35
Q

Stages of the development phase?

A

By the third month, fetal muscles develop, and limbs become fully formed, allowing movement. During months four to six, vocal cords grow, skin thickens, hair appears, and the lungs mature. In the final months, the fetus produces melanin and positions itself head-down in preparation for birth.

35
Q

What is the fetus surrounded by?

A

Amniotic fluid, secreted by the amnion membrane, which protects against pathogens.

36
Q

What are contraceptive methods?

A

Contraceptive methods are designed to prevent pregnancy and come in various forms, each with different mechanisms, effectiveness, and suitability for individuals.

37
Q

Types of contraception?

A

Hormone methods, Barrier methods, IUDS, natural methods, permanent methods.

38
Q

Hormonal methods description?

A

-Pills: Combined oral contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin, while progestin-only pills (mini-pills) contain only progestin. They work by preventing ovulation.
-Patches: Transdermal patches release hormones into the bloodstream, similar to pills.
-Implants: Small rods implanted under the skin release hormones for several years.

39
Q

Barrier methods Description?

A

-Condoms: Male and female condoms act as physical barriers to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
-Diaphragms and Cervical Caps: These are inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix and block sperm, usually used with spermicide.

40
Q

Intrauterine devices methods?

A

-Hormonal IUDs: Release progestin and can last for several years, preventing fertilization and implantation.
-Copper IUDs: Non-hormonal devices that release copper to create an environment toxic to sperm.

41
Q

Natural method description?

A

-Fertility Awareness: Involves tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods.
- Withdrawal: The male partner withdraws before ejaculation, though this method is less reliable.

42
Q

Permanant method description?

A

-Sterilization: Surgical procedures like tubal ligation for women or vasectomy for men, intended for those who do not want children in the future.

43
Q

What are sexually transmitted diseases?

A

Sexually transmitted infections , or sexually transmitted diseases , are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex.

44
Q

What are common ways for STIS to spread?

A

They are spread by skin-to-skin contact. Some STIs can be passed from a pregnant person to the baby, either during pregnancy or when giving birth.
Other ways that some STIs may be spread include during breastfeeding, through blood transfusions, or by sharing needles.

45
Q

What is chlamydia and how is it described?

A

-can occur in both men and women,
-caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis
-Can be treated and with antibiotics. If not treated, can cause serious problems, including infertility and ectopic pregnancy.
-Correct and consistent use of condoms during sex is the most effective way to prevent chlamydia.

46
Q

HIV description?

A
  • targets the body’s white blood cells, weakening the immune system. This makes it easier to get sick with diseases like tuberculosis, infections and some cancers.
    -It’s spread from the body fluids of an infected person, including blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal fluids. It is not spread by kisses, hugs or sharing food. It can also spread from a mother to her baby.
    -can be treated and prevented with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS, the most advanced stage of the disease often after many years.
47
Q

Genital Herpes Description?

A

-A common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores.
-Caused by the herpes simplex virus
-the disease can affect both men and women
-Spreads by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex and from mother to baby by pregnancy, labor, or breastfeeding.
-Treatment like antivirals can help, but this condition can’t be cured

48
Q

How can we prevent STI?

A

Abstaining from vaginal, anal, or oral sex. This is the only way to completely avoid STIs.
Getting vaccinated. Vaccines are recommended for some people to prevent hepatitis B and HPV.
Reducing your number of sex partners.
Regular testing. You and your partner should get tested and share your results.
Being in a mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and does not have an STI.

Biology (15 decks)

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