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Biology > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

How are lipids important?

A
  1. Structural components of cell membranes.
  2. Storage form of energy.
  3. Vitamins (fat soluble vitamins).
  4. Precursors of various hormones.
  5. Heat insulator.
  6. Electrical insulator.
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2
Q

What are some diseases associated with lipids?

A

atherosclerosis and obesity

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3
Q

How are lipids defined?

A

The lipids are a heterogeneous group of
compounds,including fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and
related compounds, that are relatively insoluble in water
but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and
chloroform

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4
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Fatty
acids :Aliphatic
carboxylic
acids.
Alcohols:* Glycerol.
* Sphingosine
* Cholesterol.
* Other
alcohols. Other
groups: * Phosphate
(alone or with
a substituent)
* Sugars
* Amino acids.
* Proteins .

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5
Q

How arel ipids classified?

A
  1. Simple lipids
  2. Complex lipids.
  3. Precursor and derived lipids
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6
Q

What are fatty acids?

A
  • Are building blocks of lipids.
  • Fatty acids are usually straight aliphatic chains
    with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl
    group at the other end
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7
Q

How is the chain of fatty acid composed?

A

Most fatty acids in the human have an even
number of carbon atoms, usually between 16
and 20.
* The chain may be saturated (containing no
double bonds) or unsaturated (containing one
or more double bonds)

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8
Q

What are types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  1. Monounsaturated: fatty acids contain one
    double bond.
  2. Polyunsaturated: fatty acids contain two or
    more double bonds.
  3. Eicosanoids: are a group of hormone like
    compounds, derived from eicosa (20-carbon)
    polyenoic fatty acids (arachidonic acid) include:
    prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
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9
Q

How is the nomenclature of fatty acids carried out?

A

Number of carbon + group suffix
The suffix for saturated fatty acids ANOIC
Example
Hexadecanoic 16
Octadecanoic 18
The suffix for unsaturated is ENOIC
Example
Hexadecenoic 16
Octadecenoic 18

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10
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A
  • Are fatty acids which can not be synthesized in the body they must be
    supplied in the diet.
  • They include poly unsaturated fatty acids e.g.:
    ✓Linoleic acid 18:2 ω-6
    ✓Linolenic acid 18:3 ω-3
    Human is not able to introduce double bonds into the fatty acid after C-9
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11
Q

What are non essential fatty acids?

A
  • Are fatty acids which can be synthesized in the body.
  • They include all saturated and some unsaturated fatty acids
    e.g.:
    1. Palmitoleic acid
    2. Oleic acid
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12
Q

What are simple lipids?

A

They are called simple because they are formed
only from alcohols and fatty acids.

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13
Q

What are the types of simple lipids?

A

They are two types according to the type of alcohols:
1. Acylglycerols.
2. Waxes

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14
Q

What are acylglycerols?

A
  • Are esters of one, two or three fatty acids with glycerol,
    monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol
    respectively.
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15
Q

What are waxes?

A
  • Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14to
    C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with
    long-chain (C16 to C30) monohydric alcohols.
  • Biological waxes find a variety of applications in
    the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other
    industries
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16
Q

What are complex lipids composed of?

A

Fatty
acids:Aliphatic
carboxylic acids.
Alcohols: Glycerol.
* Sphingosine Other
groups: Phosphate
* carbohydrates
* Amino acids.
* Proteins .
* sulphate

17
Q

What are complex lipids?

A

Are esters of fatty acids with alcohol and other
group or compounds, include:
A. phospholipids.
B. Glycolipids.
C. Lipoprotein.
D. Sulpholipids
E. Aminolipids.

18
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids
    and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue.
19
Q

What are types of phospholipids?

A

Glycerophospholipids:
* Contain glycerol.
* Include:
✓phosphatidic acid
✓phosphatidic acid
derivatives.
Sphingophospholipids:
* Contain sphingosine.
* Include:
✓Sphingomyelins.

20
Q

What are glycerophospholipids?

A
  • contain fatty acids esterified to
    positions 1 and 2 of glycerol and a
    phosphate (alone or with a
    substituent) attached to carbon 3.
  • If only a phosphate group is
    attached to carbon 3, the compound
    is phosphatidic acid.
21
Q

What are sphingophospholipids?

A
  • Sphingosine + fatty acid + phosphoric
    acid= choline.
  • Sphingosine + fatty acid→ Ceramide
22
Q

What are glycolipids?

A
  • Glycolipids are lipids attached to carbohydrate
    chain.
  • They are widely distributed in every tissue of the
    body, particularly in nervous tissue such as brain.
  • The major glycolipids found in animal tissues are
    glycosphingolipids
23
Q

What is the structure of glycolipids?

A
  • contain ceramide and one or more sugars.
  • Sphingosine + fatty acid + sugar + other
  • Include:
    ✓Cerebrosides.
    ✓Gangliosides
24
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A
  • Combinations of lipid and protein for transporting lipids in
    the blood.
  • Include:
  • Chylomicron
  • VLDL
  • LDL
  • HDL
25
Q

What are precursor and derived lipids?

A

Are heterogeneous compounds result from hydrolysis of lipids:
other classes or esterified to give other classes, include:
1. fatty acids.
2. Glycerol.
3. Steroids (cholesterol).
4. other alcohols.
5. lipid-soluble Vitamins.
6. hormones.

26
Q

What is cholestrol?

A
  • synthesized from branched five-carbon units (isoprene)
    Structure:
  • Contain steroid nucleus.
  • It is often found as cholesteryl
    ester, where the hydroxyl group
    on position 3 is esterified with a
    long-chain fatty acid.
  • It occurs in animals but not in
    plants or bacteria
27
Q

What are cholesterol derivatives?

A
  • Cholesterol is the precursor of a large number of important steroids that
    include:
    1. Bile acids.
    2. Adrenocortical hormones.
    3. Sex hormones.
    4. Vitamin D.
    5. Cardiac glycosides.
28
Q

What is ergosterol?

A

In plants and yeast and is
important as a dietary source of
vitamin D.

29
Q

What are amphipathic lipids?

A

A molecule with hydrophobic part, or water
insoluble; and hydrophilic part, or water soluble.
described as amphipathic.

30
Q

How are liposomes formed?

A

When amphipathic lipids is present in an aqueous medium, they
form micelles, Liposomes

Biology (27 decks)

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