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Bio 2 > Reproductive Recording > Flashcards

Reproductive Recording Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what causes you to have a different genetic makeup from your siblings

A

every time we copy the egg or sperm it is different genetic material

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2
Q

by telephase you are what

A

a carbon copy of what you started out with

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3
Q

when do chromosomes split

A

anaphase

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4
Q

tetrad chromosome

A

4 locations on one axis

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5
Q

what holds a chromosome together in the middle

A

centromere

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6
Q

metaphase

A

all the chromosomes line up

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7
Q

centrioles

A

mark each edge of the cell

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8
Q

anaphase

A

is when the chromosomes start to pull apart

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9
Q

metaphase and anaphase is when we

A

start to combine the genetic info and transfer chromosomes to each other

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10
Q

telephase is

A

when the cells separate and create the clone

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11
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis- clone

meiosis- we switch genetic material

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12
Q

how many cells do you have after starting with one in meiosis. Are they carbon copies?

A

4

no, they are all different

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13
Q

genetic variance happens?

A

so you have three different combinations of the same cell

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14
Q

crossing over causes that genetic variance starts to happens when and continues to happen through

A

prophase

through anaphase

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15
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

already paired up

aka full chromosomes

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16
Q

haploid cell

A

half the cell

23 chromosomes

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17
Q

diploid cell

A

46 chromosomes

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18
Q

produce gametes/fluid and secrete hormones

A

gonads- testes and ovaries

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19
Q

production of hormones indicates

A

endocrine function

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20
Q

what do ducts do

A

receive, store, and transport gametes

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21
Q

support glands

A

accessory sex glands

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22
Q

male reproductive system is made up of

A

testes
a system of ducts
accessory glands
and several supporting structures

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23
Q

is filled with 2 fibrous sacs which support and protect the testes

A

scrotum

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24
Q

sperm production requires what

A

temp 3 degrees below

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25
Q

what raises the testes

A

involuntary muscle contraction

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26
Q

inside the sac (scrotum) is the

A

testes

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27
Q

muscles in the scrotum

A

dartos

cremaster

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28
Q

what are the cremaster and dartos muscle responsible for

A

moving away the testes from a higher body temp

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29
Q

in order for optimal sperm production testes need to be what temp

A

3 degrees below body temp

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30
Q

two XX chromosomes mean

A

female

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31
Q

XY chromosomes means

A

male

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32
Q

what determines if the child is going to have a Y chromosome or not

A

the moms hormone levels

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33
Q

development of testes is influenced by

A

Y sex chromosomes and by hormonal levels

develop in abdomen

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34
Q

when do testes begin their descent

A

during the 7th month of development

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35
Q

what are the testes surrounded by

A

dense connective tissue
outer- tunica vaginalis
inner- tunica albuginea

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36
Q

what tubules make sperm

A

seminiferous

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37
Q

what does each lobule in the testes contain

A

3 seminiferous tubules

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38
Q

what is each seminiferous tubule lined with

A

spermatogenic cells in various developmental stages

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39
Q

what is found at the testes and seminiferous tubules

A

blood- testis barrier

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40
Q

what prevents immune system response to sperm antigens

A

testis barrier- Blood

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41
Q

do blood and sperm mix

A

no

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42
Q

how do testes receive their nutrients if blood never mixes

A

sustentacular sertoli cells

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43
Q

what do sertoli cells do

A
  • create blood testis barrier with tight junctions
  • respond to FSH and testosterone
  • phagocytize shed excess spermatid cytoplasm
  • control sperm movement
  • secrete nutrients for sperm
  • secrete fluid for sperm movement
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44
Q

what are located between tubules and secret testosterone in response to LH

A 
interstitial endocrinecytes
(interstitial cells of leydig)
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45
Q

what do spermatogonia undergo to give rise to spermatozoa

A

meiosis

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46
Q

What does FSH stand for and where does it release from

A

follicular stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary

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47
Q

two cells in the male reproductive system

A

interstitial or leydig cells
and
sustentacular sertoli cells

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48
Q

cells that specifically respond to LH lutinizing hormone

A

interstitial or leydig cells

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49
Q

FSH responders cells

A

sustentacular sertoli cells

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50
Q

which cells are responsible for testosterone production

A

interstitial or leydig cells

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51
Q

what happens when the anterior pituitary releases LH

A

and Lh acts on these interstital cells and these release testosterone

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52
Q

what does testosterone do

A

simulates masculine traits

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53
Q

what does spermatogenesis produce

A

haploid spermatozoa

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54
Q

during spermatogenesis what occurs in the seminiferous tubules

A

meiosis

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55
Q

how often does spermatogenesis happen

A

64-72

56
Q

what do we start out with in the production of sperm

A

diploid stem cells so 46 chromosomes

57
Q

what happens to the spermatogonia

A

by mitosis some remain as viable stem cells throughout life

others undergo developmental changes to become primary spermatocytes and undergo meiosis

58
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo

A

meiosis II to become immature spermatids (haploids)

59
Q

haploid number

A

23

60
Q

reduction division

A

primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

61
Q

spermatids mature morphologically into

A

spermatoza= sperm cells

62
Q

spermatids do not

A

separate their cytoplasm completely

63
Q

spermatids maintain

A

cytoplasmic bridges until released into the tubule lumen

64
Q

spermatocytes become

A

spermatids

65
Q

spermatocytes are not mature yet unless

A

they have a haploid number (23)

66
Q

an active sperm able to fertilize an egg is known as

A

spermatozoa

67
Q

how much percentage wise is sperm considered normal

A

70% and 30% are abnormal

68
Q

spermatids mature physiologically into

A

spermatozoa

69
Q

sperm requires how many days for migration and maturation

A

10-14 days for migration

3-4 days for maturation in the ductus

70
Q

how are older sperms removed

A

gradually by phagocytes within the epididymis

71
Q

true or false many sperms are abnormal

A

true

72
Q

how many spermatozoa mature daily

A

300 million

73
Q

how long can sperm survive in the reproductive tract

A

48 hours

74
Q

structure of sperm

A 
head
-nuclear material 
acrosome- enzymes for penetration into egg
midpiece
-site of ATP production to power tail
Tail
-flagellum
75
Q

what does the mitochondria of the spermatozoa have as energy

A

fructose

76
Q

what hormones of the brain drives changes during puberty in males

A

anterior pituitary

and hypothalamus

77
Q

what hormone targets interstitial endocrinocytes

A

LH

78
Q

hormone that targets sustentacular cells

A

FSH

79
Q

what hormone is a binding protein that concentrates androgens for spermatids

A

androgen

80
Q

what hormone causes negative feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

inhibin

81
Q

gonado tropic (released there but acts on another gland) hormones are

A

FSH and LH

82
Q

FSH and LH act on

A

intersitial cells to release testosterone

83
Q

what tells the hypothalamus to stop sperm production

A

inhibin

84
Q

what temp do the testicles have to be

A

3 degrees colder

85
Q

when do the testicles and the descending testicles start to form

A

7th month

86
Q

where is estrogen seen in males

A

from the testes, helps wire the brain

87
Q

when does testosterone stimulate pattern development

A

before birth

7 months old

88
Q

when does testosterone stimulate pattern development

A

before birth

7 months old

89
Q

what happens to males during puberty

A

testosterone and DHT (dihydrogen testosterone) stimulate enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics

90
Q

what do testosterone and dihydrogen testosterone do

A

increase male hormones producing male characteristics

91
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics produced by testosterone

A
  • muscular and skeletal growth
  • pubic, axillary, facial and chest hair
  • oil gland secretion
  • layrnx enlargement
92
Q

what are sexual functions produced by testosterone

A
  • male sexual behavior and aggressive behavior
  • spermatogenisis
  • sex drive in both male and female
93
Q

how is metabolism affected by testosterone

A

stimulates protein synthesis

94
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

testosterone

95
Q

mixture of sperm and secretions

A

semens

96
Q

what is the actual fluid or ejaculatory liquid

A

semen

97
Q

average volume of semen

A

2.5-5.0 ml

98
Q

sperm count per ml of semen

A

50-150 million sperm

99
Q

sperm count below 20 million per ml of semen means

A

infertility

100
Q

is semen alkaline or acidic

A

slightly alkaline because the vagina is acidic

101
Q

what is the nutrient for sperm metabolism

A

fructose

102
Q

what decrease mucous viscosity (thickness) and stimulate reverse peristalsis (sucking up)

A

prostaglandins

103
Q

contains natural antibiotic

A

seminalplasmin

104
Q

after ejaculation into the vagina what happens to semen

A

it coagulates

105
Q

parts that make up penis

A

root
body
glans penis

106
Q

what are the two bodies of the penis

A

corpus cavernosum

corpus spongiosum

107
Q

what is the root of the penis known as

A

bulb

108
Q

the body of the penis is made up of

A
  • 3 cylindrical tissue masses surrounded by tunica albuginea
  • corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum
  • surrounded by fascia and skin
  • each section has blood sinuses= erectile tissue
109
Q

what side of the nervous system is responsible for causing normal erection

A

parasympathetic

110
Q

what has to be released in order for us to get the cavernosa to fill with blood during an erection

A

nitrous oxide

111
Q

in order for the male to ejaculate what kind of reflex is it

A

sympathetic

112
Q

what is it called when the arteries dialte with sexual stimulation and large quantities of blood enter the sinuses and the bladder sphincter is closed

A

an erection

113
Q

ejaculation

A

is a sympathetic reflex
peristalsis happens
arteries constrict
capillary sinuses empty

114
Q

what gas fills up the penis with blood

A

Nitrous oxide

115
Q

fermata zoa is

A

23 chromosome cell

116
Q

oocyte is

A

an egg

117
Q

what does the ovary do

A

create follicles that turn into oocytes (eggs) that are released

118
Q

fibrous connective tissue of the ovary

A

stroma

119
Q

connective tissue of the ovary

A

tunica albuginea

120
Q

cycle for women is typically

A

28 days

121
Q

what is day one of your menstrual cycle

A

the first day you’re bleeding (shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus)

122
Q

the first half of your cycle or first 14 days

A

is geared to developing the oocyte by creating a primary follicle

123
Q

the mature phase of a follicle is known as

A

a vesicular or graphean follicle

124
Q

day 12-14 clear liquid discharge is released from

A

the vesicular follicle meaning you are fertile

125
Q

what is the name of the vesicular follicle’s outer lining

A

theca interna- contains the liquid known as discharge

126
Q

day 14 what happens the vesicular follicle

A

pops out the egg and then travels through the fallopian tube in hopes of meeting a sperm

127
Q

what hormone regulates egg production

A

estrogen
and
FSH (gonadotropic hormone)

128
Q

estrogen day 1-14 does what

A

makes egg

129
Q

where does the egg hope to meet a sperm

A

in the fallopian tube

130
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

the fallopian or uterine tube, but the egg continues to travel and then embed in the endometrial lining

131
Q

what hormone causes the release of the egg

A

LH (lutinizing hormone) stimulates the ovary to release the egg

132
Q

what happens to the outer layer of the oocyte once it is released

A

the corpus luteum from day 15-28 secretes progesterone until it realizes its not prego… so it shrivels up and becomes corpus albucian

133
Q

what is progesterones job

A

help the body get ready for pregnancy

134
Q

symptoms of increased progesterone

A

bloated
heavy breast tissue
increased appetite

135
Q

what causes the onset of menstruation

A

the decrease in estrogen and progesterone

136
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of haploid ova in the ovary

137
Q

steps of oogensis

A

1) reduction division- meiosis I (haploid)
2) Equatorial division- meiosis II
3) maturation- potential for fertilization

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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