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Bio 2 > Chp 17 > Flashcards

Chp 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Temp of blood

A

98.6F or 37C

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2
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

what is the denser part of blood and lighter part

A

formed elements- denser (red)

plasma- lighter (yellow)

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4
Q

if you are a healthy individual what will you see between the plasma and the formed elements in a test tube of blood

A

white line that represents white blood cells. If it was bigger, you have an infection at the moment

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5
Q

blood is slightly basic or acidic

A

basic

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6
Q

blood cells can only be two formed elements

A

erythrocytes-red

leukocytes- white

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7
Q

plasma is made up of

A

anything but erythrocytes-red

leukocytes- white… like water, glucose, electrolytes, hormones, compounds….

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8
Q

why do females have slightly less blood volume

A

less muscle mass,

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9
Q

test tube of blood is made up of

A

plasma 55%

formed elements 45%

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10
Q

if you have an excess of leukocytes then you have less

A

plasma

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11
Q

hemaocritt

A

packed cell volume

aka the percentage of that formed element to the rest of the test tube

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12
Q

plasma is a majority of and

A

92% water
the rest are your proteins that help with osmotic pressure albumin
there for clotting are fibrinogen and globulins

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13
Q

clotting is

A

the cells coming together

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14
Q

formed elements are made of what

A

erythrocytes 99%

leukocytes, thrombocytes 1%

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15
Q

thrombocytes means

A

platelets

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16
Q

platelets are

A

small fragments of erythrocytes

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17
Q

erythrocytes look like

A

werthers original or a biconcave shape

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18
Q

a mature erythrocyte

A

ejects its nucleus or anuclear

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19
Q

what is a major difference between a leukocyte and erythrocyte under a microscope

A

no dark stained spots inside a erythrocyte because no nucleus

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20
Q

Hematopoiesis means

A

formation of blood

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21
Q

in hematopoiesis what is the first step

A

stem cell is a baby cell that has not been given a function

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22
Q

where do stem cells come from,

A

our bone marrow

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23
Q

what reason would we trigger more erythropoiesis

A

hypoxia or low oxygen

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24
Q

erythropoiesis is

A

formation of new erythrocytes

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25
Q

what is the function of erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen

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26
Q

when would you have hypoxia (low oxygen)

A

high elevation

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27
Q

anemia

A

is because your RBC suck

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28
Q

erythropoietin is and comes from

A

the hormone that triggers more blood cell production comes from the kidneys

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29
Q

blood doping causes

A

causes less plasma more formed elements

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30
Q

erythropoiesis is

A

going from the stem cell to a mature cyte by triggering erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys, so your body can go to the bone marrow and convert the stem cells

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31
Q

erythropoiesis

A 
stem cell (hemocytoblast)
committed cell 
(pro-erythroblast)
developmental pathway
(early erythroblast)
(late erythroblast) 
(normoblast- last stage where it ejects the nucleus) 
in bone marrow until this stage- 
now in blood stream
(reticulocyte- immature red blood cell)
(erythrocyte)
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32
Q

every erythrocyte has a life span of

A

120 days

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33
Q

we do a reticulocyte count to

A

to evaluate someones health of their red bone marrow or if someone is not responding to erythropoietin EPO

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34
Q

if you have a low count of reticulocytes

A

we are not replacing RBC

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35
Q

if you have too many reticulocytes

A

replacement of RBC is heighten and abnormal

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36
Q

two main poercentages in test tube of blood

A

plasma 45%

formed elements 55%

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37
Q

formed elements are what

A

RBC

platelets

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38
Q

what is the function of blood

A

carrying- circulatory system
helps maintain body temp
platelets (tissue repair)
maintaining ph

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39
Q

oxygen is only found in

A

RBC

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40
Q

anything dissolved in blood is found in

A

plasma

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41
Q

what acts as a good buffer

A

blood

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42
Q

what is a buffer

A

a solution that regardless of what dissolves in it the pH doesnt change

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43
Q

leukocytes are made up of

A

3 phils

2 cytes

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44
Q

Phils are known as

A

granular

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45
Q

granular means

A

if you were to stain the cell you would see dark speckles

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46
Q

cytes are

A

agranular

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47
Q

agranular means

A

if you were to stain the cell you wont see any speckles

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48
Q

leukocytes 3 phils are what

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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49
Q

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
are what?

A

granular

Leukocytes

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50
Q

2 Cytes

A

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

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51
Q

Monocyte
Lymphocyte
are what?

A

agranular

Leukocytes

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52
Q

Nemonic for Leukocytes

A 
Never 70%
(Neutrophil)
Let 20% 
(Lymphocyte)
My 8%
(Monocyte)
Engine 2%
(Eosinophil)
Blow 0%
(Basophil)
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53
Q

what is the function of all leukocytes

A

fight off anything foreign

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54
Q

Neutrophils are present to do what

A

kill bacteria

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55
Q

what is pus?

A

dead neutrophils

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56
Q

Lymphocytes and monocytes do what

A

T Cells

T- thymus

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57
Q

Eosinophil do what

A

allErgy or parasites

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58
Q

If you have a reaction to pollen, food, insect bite or asthma, what would be high if you had your blood checked

A

your eosinophil count

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59
Q

what leukocytes work together

A

eosinophils and basophils

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60
Q

what do basophils do?

A

Release histamine

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61
Q

what is the function of histamine?

A

released by basophils. Histamines promote inflammation. Because your body thinks you’re under attack, tries to barricade foreign object.

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62
Q

What has to be formed from stem cells for clotting to occur

A

megakaryoblast to
megakaryocyte.
Then the megakaryocyte breakups into platelets.

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63
Q

where do platelets or thrombocytes come from

A

megakaryoctyes breaking up

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64
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

clotting

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65
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A

platelets

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66
Q

Once the thymus decides its going to create T Cells what happens?

A

stem cells turn into lymphoblast, and monoblast that turn into lymphocytes and monocytes

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67
Q

Once the thymus decides its going to create T Cells what happens?

A

stem cells turn into lymphoblast, and monoblast that turn into lymphocytes and monocytes

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68
Q

where do basophil, esinophil and neutrophil cells originate from?

A

stem cells to
myeloblast to
progranulocyte to
basophilic, eosinophilic and neutrophilic myelocytes to
basophilic, eosinophilic and neutrophilic band cells

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69
Q

where do basophil, esinophil and neutrophil cells originate from in short? 3 steps

A

myeloblast
myelocyte
into
basophil, esinophil and neutrophil

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70
Q

what is the precursor to all blood cells?

A

stem cells

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71
Q

what do Basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil have in common

A

all come from myeloblast, and are granular

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72
Q

anemia is what

A

any symptom of reduced oxygen carrying capacity

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73
Q

decreased hemoglobin means what

A

iron deficiency anemia

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74
Q

lack of dietary b12 is what kind of anemia

A

pernicious

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75
Q

who would be prone to pernicious anemia?

A

vegans because of a lack of b12

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76
Q

why is b12 so important

A

needed for development of erythrocytes

77
Q

b12 cannot be absorbed if you dont have

A

intrinsic factor

-in stomach and intestine

78
Q

intrinsic factor is needed for what

A

proper b12 absorption

79
Q

hemolytic anemia means

A

bursting of red blood cells anemia

80
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

evolution evolved RBC into a C so malaria couldn’t attach on. But your oxygen carrying capacity isnt good

81
Q

why are african americans predisposed to sickle cell anemia

A

because of the region they are from malaria is prevalent, so the blood cells have evolved to not get it.

82
Q

malaria does what

A

tags onto erythrocytes and destroys erythrocytes.

83
Q

what are negative side effects of a sickle cell RBC

A

oxygen doesn’t attach as well and the cell gets lodge in the arteries and blood vessels. Less oxygen carrying capacity, reduced ability to heal.

84
Q

If you have sickle cell anemia you probably arent an

A

athelete

85
Q

Thalassemia is when you have

A

no or an abnormal hemoglobin on their RBC.

Causes delicate erythrocytes causing them to not be able to carry as much oxygen.

86
Q

Hematocrit is

A

the percentage of blood that is RBC

87
Q

if you have hypoxia what happens to your red blood cell production

A

it increases due to high altitude

88
Q

if you are an athlete that is blood doping what happens to your RBC production

A

it increases

89
Q

if you have polycythemia what happens to your RBC count

A

it increases the red blood cells

90
Q

polycythemia

A

an abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, through either reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.

91
Q

A liquid connective tissue

A

blood

92
Q

blood is made up of

A

formed elements

plasma

93
Q

formed elements

A
  • living blood cells & platelets
94
Q

plasma

A

the fluid matrix

95
Q

Denser and more viscous than water

A

blood

96
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transport and Distribution
Regulation of Internal Homeostasis
Protection

97
Q

how does blood Transport and Distribute

A
  • delivery of O2, nutrients, and hormones

- removal of CO2 and metabolic wastes

98
Q

how does blood regulate Internal Homeostasis

A
  • body
  • temperature
  • pH
  • fluid volume
  • composition of the interstitial fluid/lymph
99
Q

how does blood protect

A
  • necessary for inflammation and repair
  • prevents blood loss by hemostasis (coagulation)
  • prevents infection
100
Q

= “packed cell volume”

A

Hematocrit

101
Q

percentage of formed element measured in a blood sample

A

hematocrit

102
Q
  • red blood cells

- buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets

A

formed elements

103
Q

straw colored liquid on top

A

plasma

104
Q

92% water
7% proteins
1% other solutes

A

Plasma

105
Q

what are important for osmotic balance

A

proteins

106
Q

which proteins specifically are important for osmotic pressure

A

albumin (60%)
globulins (35%)
fibrinogen (4%)

107
Q

albumin does what

A
  • helps with osmotic pressure
  • transports lipids
  • steroid hormones
108
Q

fibrinogen and

globulins do what

A
  • helps with osmotic pressure

- blood clotting

109
Q

Other solutes in plasma

A 
waste products 
nutrients
electrolytes
enzymes 
hormones
gases
110
Q

what make up formed elements

A

> 99% red blood cells
<1% white blood cells and thrombocytes (platelets)
RBCs’ hemoglobin also helps buffer the blood

111
Q

Thrombocytes are

A

platelets

112
Q

Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

113
Q

Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)

A

lymphocytes - T cells, B cells

monocytes  tissue macrophages

114
Q

Blood cell formation is called

A

Hematopoiesis

115
Q

RBC production is called

A

Erythropoiesis

116
Q

three phases of RBC maturation

A

production of ribosomes
synthesis of hemoglobin
ejection of the nucleus and reduction in organelles

117
Q

what is erythropoiesis controlled by

A

controlled by hormones, especially erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidney

118
Q

final stage before mature RBC

A

reticulocyte

119
Q

released into blood where final maturation occurs

A

Reticulocyte

120
Q

what do you count to evaluate the health of the marrow stem cells or the response of red bone marrow to erythropoietin (EPO)

A

reticulocytes

121
Q

if reticulocytes are low then

A

bone marrow not responding

122
Q

if reticulocytes are high then

A

replacement production or abnormal circumstances

123
Q

how is RBC production regulated

A
  • regulated by negative feedback
  • O2 levels monitored in kidneys
  • hypoxia increases RBC production
  • production stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys
124
Q

symptoms of reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood

A

anemia

125
Q

causes of anemia

A 
Insufficient number of RBC’s
1) hemorrhage - 
2) hemolytic anemia
3) aplastic anemia 
Decreased hemoglobin content in the RBCs
1) iron (heme) deficiency
2) pernicious anemia 
3) intrinsic factor
126
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of RBC’s

127
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature RBC destruction due to transfusion reaction, various diseases, or genetic problems

128
Q

aplastic anemia

A
  • destruction or inhibition of hematopoietic components in bone marrow
  • tumors, toxins, drugs, or irradiation
129
Q

iron (heme) deficiency

A

insufficient iron due to diet or poor absorption

130
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of Vitamin B12
due to
-diet
-intrinsic factor

131
Q

needed for developing RBC cell division

A

vitamin b12

132
Q

needed for proper B12 absorption, often deficient and the actual cause of the B12 deficiency

A

intrinsic factor

133
Q
  • reduced or absent globin synthesis
  • RBC’s delicate - may rupture
  • low RBC count
A

Thalassemias

134
Q

-Substitution mutation of 1 AA in the hemoglobin molecule changes the shape, flexibility & lifespan of the RBCs

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

135
Q

need two copies of what for the sickle cell disease

A

of the abnormal recessive gene

136
Q

if someone has anemia what happens to RBC production

A

it decreases

137
Q

if someone has a hemorrhage what happens to RBC production

A

decreases

138
Q

when does blood cell production increase (erythropoiesis)? everything else is the opposite

A

high altitude
athletes
polycemia

139
Q

Bi-Concave shape of RBC helps with

A

greater surface area/volume ratio increases gas diffusion

flexibility allows passage through narrow capillaries

140
Q

Hgb on RBC are for

A

O2 transport

141
Q

what does o2 gas combine to in lungs

A

hemoglobins

142
Q

is o2 gas soluble or insoluble in lungs

A

soluble

143
Q

RBC life span

A

1) low o2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin
2) erythropoietin levels rise in blood
3) erythropoietin promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
4) new erythrocytes enter blood stream
5) aged RBC are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen and bone marrow. Hemoglobin is broken down into iron and bilirubin in the liver.
6) bilirubin is secreted into the intestine. iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed.

144
Q

Leukocyte Number Abnormalities are

A

Leukopenia = decreased numbers
Leukocytosis = increased numbers
Leukemia, Lymphomas = grossly increased numbers, abnormal forms; many subcategories

145
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • decreased numbers
  • malnutrition, chronic disease states
  • drug induced - glucocorticoids, anti-cancer drugs, etc.
146
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • increased numbers

- Normal component of inflammatory response to injuries and infections

147
Q

Leukemia, Lymphomas

A
  • grossly increased numbers, abnormal forms; many subcategories
  • bone marrow and blood stream (leukemia) or tissue spaces (lymphoma) fill with cancerous (nonfunctional) leukocytes
  • crowds out other cells types
  • anemia
  • bleeding
  • immunodeficiency
148
Q

under different cancerous conditions leukocytes are acute if and chronic if

A

acute - if derived from -blast type cells

chronic - if derived from later stages

149
Q

do thrombocytes have nucleus?

A

no

150
Q

what is the development of thrombocytes

A

Megakaryocytes shed small cytoplasmic fragments

Each fragment surrounded by plasma membrane

151
Q

thromobocyte Granules contain regulatory factors which serve several important functions in:

A

coagulation
inflammation
immune defenses

152
Q

Hemostasis is

A

3 mechanisms exist to stop bleeding

153
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms to stop bleeding in hemostasis

A

First - Vascular Spasm
Second - Platelet Plug Formation
Third - Coagulation

154
Q

A complicated process that functions as a positive feedback cascade in hemostasis

A

coagulation

155
Q

clot retraction is also known as

A

syneresis

156
Q

what is important for clot formation

A

that it remains local not

157
Q

Anticoagulant naturally present in blood

A

heparin

158
Q

what do warfarin

aspirin and CPD have in common

A

they are all anticoagulants

159
Q

Warfarin (coumadin) is a

A

Vitamin K antagonist and causes anticoagulation

160
Q

how are Aspirin & related NSAIDs anticoagulants

A
  • blocks platelet aggregation

- prevents formation of thromboxane A2

161
Q

how is CPD (citrate phosphate dextrose) a anticoagulate

A

removes Ca2+ by chelation

used for blood collected in blood banks for transfusion

162
Q

Intravascular Clotting

A

Roughened endothelium (atherosclerosis, trauma, infection) or slow blood flow may result in spontaneous clot (thrombus) formation, thrombosis

Thrombus released into blood becomes thromboembolus
pulmonary embolus – may be immediately fatal
other materials include air, amniotic fluid, tumor cells, or trauma debris

163
Q

may trigger thrombus formation or fragmentation and release

A

Angioplasty

164
Q

RBC surface has genetically determined antigens,

A

agglutinogens

165
Q

Naturally occurring antibodies produced in response to the agglutinogens not present in your blood

A

Agglutinins

166
Q

universal recipients

A

AB

167
Q

universal donors

A

O

168
Q

named for the Rhesus monkey Ag

A

Rh

169
Q

those expressing Rh antigens are

A

RH+

170
Q

Those without Rh agglutinogens are

A

Rh-

171
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn =

A

erythroblastosis fetalis (many “blue babies” prior to WWII)

172
Q

immune system only makes agglutinins in response to

A

specific exposure to Rh antigens

173
Q

a condition where you have thick blood or too much blood cells

A

polycythemia

174
Q

anything that alters immune function and impedes growth does what to RBC

A

decreases erythropoisis

175
Q

where is erythropoitin produced

A

in the kidney

176
Q

iron is stored as what where

A

ferritin hemosiderin in the liver

177
Q

heme is stored where and broken down into

A

in the liver, broken down into bilirubin

178
Q

if i have an excess build up of billirubin what does that show up as

A

jaundice

179
Q

how does the body stop bleeding

A

hemostasis

180
Q

steps of hemostasis

A

1) blood vessels constrict causing more blood to be squirted out
2) flow is increased to hole, causing platelets to aggregate
3) coagulation forming a gel like substance

181
Q

dyiapadesis

A

blood tearing and pulling through a little more to cause clotting

182
Q

aggregation causes

A

coagulation

183
Q

clotting in a normal vessel is called

A

thrombosis

184
Q

fibrin is

A

spider man. traps blood cells

185
Q

protein that creates scar tissue

A

fibrin

186
Q

blood coming together to form coagulation is called

A

aggregation

187
Q

what vitamin is necessary for any coagulation to happen

A

K-clotting

188
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis is

A

when mom is negative and the baby isnt

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