Chp 17 Flashcards
Temp of blood
98.6F or 37C
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
what is the denser part of blood and lighter part
formed elements- denser (red)
plasma- lighter (yellow)
if you are a healthy individual what will you see between the plasma and the formed elements in a test tube of blood
white line that represents white blood cells. If it was bigger, you have an infection at the moment
blood is slightly basic or acidic
basic
blood cells can only be two formed elements
erythrocytes-red
leukocytes- white
plasma is made up of
anything but erythrocytes-red
leukocytes- white… like water, glucose, electrolytes, hormones, compounds….
why do females have slightly less blood volume
less muscle mass,
test tube of blood is made up of
plasma 55%
formed elements 45%
if you have an excess of leukocytes then you have less
plasma
hemaocritt
packed cell volume
aka the percentage of that formed element to the rest of the test tube
plasma is a majority of and
92% water
the rest are your proteins that help with osmotic pressure albumin
there for clotting are fibrinogen and globulins
clotting is
the cells coming together
formed elements are made of what
erythrocytes 99%
leukocytes, thrombocytes 1%
thrombocytes means
platelets
platelets are
small fragments of erythrocytes
erythrocytes look like
werthers original or a biconcave shape
a mature erythrocyte
ejects its nucleus or anuclear
what is a major difference between a leukocyte and erythrocyte under a microscope
no dark stained spots inside a erythrocyte because no nucleus
Hematopoiesis means
formation of blood
in hematopoiesis what is the first step
stem cell is a baby cell that has not been given a function
where do stem cells come from,
our bone marrow
what reason would we trigger more erythropoiesis
hypoxia or low oxygen
erythropoiesis is
formation of new erythrocytes
what is the function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen
when would you have hypoxia (low oxygen)
high elevation
anemia
is because your RBC suck
erythropoietin is and comes from
the hormone that triggers more blood cell production comes from the kidneys
blood doping causes
causes less plasma more formed elements
erythropoiesis is
going from the stem cell to a mature cyte by triggering erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys, so your body can go to the bone marrow and convert the stem cells
erythropoiesis
stem cell (hemocytoblast) committed cell (pro-erythroblast) developmental pathway (early erythroblast) (late erythroblast) (normoblast- last stage where it ejects the nucleus) in bone marrow until this stage- now in blood stream (reticulocyte- immature red blood cell) (erythrocyte)
every erythrocyte has a life span of
120 days
we do a reticulocyte count to
to evaluate someones health of their red bone marrow or if someone is not responding to erythropoietin EPO
if you have a low count of reticulocytes
we are not replacing RBC
if you have too many reticulocytes
replacement of RBC is heighten and abnormal
two main poercentages in test tube of blood
plasma 45%
formed elements 55%
formed elements are what
RBC
platelets
what is the function of blood
carrying- circulatory system
helps maintain body temp
platelets (tissue repair)
maintaining ph
oxygen is only found in
RBC
anything dissolved in blood is found in
plasma
what acts as a good buffer
blood
what is a buffer
a solution that regardless of what dissolves in it the pH doesnt change
leukocytes are made up of
3 phils
2 cytes
Phils are known as
granular
granular means
if you were to stain the cell you would see dark speckles
cytes are
agranular
agranular means
if you were to stain the cell you wont see any speckles
leukocytes 3 phils are what
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
are what?
granular
Leukocytes
2 Cytes
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
are what?
agranular
Leukocytes
Nemonic for Leukocytes
Never 70% (Neutrophil) Let 20% (Lymphocyte) My 8% (Monocyte) Engine 2% (Eosinophil) Blow 0% (Basophil)
what is the function of all leukocytes
fight off anything foreign
Neutrophils are present to do what
kill bacteria
what is pus?
dead neutrophils
Lymphocytes and monocytes do what
T Cells
T- thymus
Eosinophil do what
allErgy or parasites
If you have a reaction to pollen, food, insect bite or asthma, what would be high if you had your blood checked
your eosinophil count
what leukocytes work together
eosinophils and basophils
what do basophils do?
Release histamine
what is the function of histamine?
released by basophils. Histamines promote inflammation. Because your body thinks you’re under attack, tries to barricade foreign object.
What has to be formed from stem cells for clotting to occur
megakaryoblast to
megakaryocyte.
Then the megakaryocyte breakups into platelets.
where do platelets or thrombocytes come from
megakaryoctyes breaking up
what is thrombosis?
clotting
what are thrombocytes?
platelets
Once the thymus decides its going to create T Cells what happens?
stem cells turn into lymphoblast, and monoblast that turn into lymphocytes and monocytes
Once the thymus decides its going to create T Cells what happens?
stem cells turn into lymphoblast, and monoblast that turn into lymphocytes and monocytes
where do basophil, esinophil and neutrophil cells originate from?
stem cells to
myeloblast to
progranulocyte to
basophilic, eosinophilic and neutrophilic myelocytes to
basophilic, eosinophilic and neutrophilic band cells
where do basophil, esinophil and neutrophil cells originate from in short? 3 steps
myeloblast
myelocyte
into
basophil, esinophil and neutrophil
what is the precursor to all blood cells?
stem cells
what do Basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil have in common
all come from myeloblast, and are granular
anemia is what
any symptom of reduced oxygen carrying capacity
decreased hemoglobin means what
iron deficiency anemia
lack of dietary b12 is what kind of anemia
pernicious
who would be prone to pernicious anemia?
vegans because of a lack of b12
why is b12 so important
needed for development of erythrocytes
b12 cannot be absorbed if you dont have
intrinsic factor
-in stomach and intestine
intrinsic factor is needed for what
proper b12 absorption
hemolytic anemia means
bursting of red blood cells anemia
what is sickle cell anemia
evolution evolved RBC into a C so malaria couldn’t attach on. But your oxygen carrying capacity isnt good
why are african americans predisposed to sickle cell anemia
because of the region they are from malaria is prevalent, so the blood cells have evolved to not get it.
malaria does what
tags onto erythrocytes and destroys erythrocytes.
what are negative side effects of a sickle cell RBC
oxygen doesn’t attach as well and the cell gets lodge in the arteries and blood vessels. Less oxygen carrying capacity, reduced ability to heal.
If you have sickle cell anemia you probably arent an
athelete
Thalassemia is when you have
no or an abnormal hemoglobin on their RBC.
Causes delicate erythrocytes causing them to not be able to carry as much oxygen.
Hematocrit is
the percentage of blood that is RBC
if you have hypoxia what happens to your red blood cell production
it increases due to high altitude
if you are an athlete that is blood doping what happens to your RBC production
it increases
if you have polycythemia what happens to your RBC count
it increases the red blood cells
polycythemia
an abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, through either reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.
A liquid connective tissue
blood
blood is made up of
formed elements
plasma
formed elements
- living blood cells & platelets
plasma
the fluid matrix
Denser and more viscous than water
blood
Functions of Blood
Transport and Distribution
Regulation of Internal Homeostasis
Protection
how does blood Transport and Distribute
- delivery of O2, nutrients, and hormones
- removal of CO2 and metabolic wastes
how does blood regulate Internal Homeostasis
- body
- temperature
- pH
- fluid volume
- composition of the interstitial fluid/lymph
how does blood protect
- necessary for inflammation and repair
- prevents blood loss by hemostasis (coagulation)
- prevents infection
= “packed cell volume”
Hematocrit
percentage of formed element measured in a blood sample
hematocrit
- red blood cells
- buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets
formed elements
straw colored liquid on top
plasma
92% water
7% proteins
1% other solutes
Plasma
what are important for osmotic balance
proteins
which proteins specifically are important for osmotic pressure
albumin (60%)
globulins (35%)
fibrinogen (4%)
albumin does what
- helps with osmotic pressure
- transports lipids
- steroid hormones
fibrinogen and
globulins do what
- helps with osmotic pressure
- blood clotting
Other solutes in plasma
waste products nutrients electrolytes enzymes hormones gases
what make up formed elements
> 99% red blood cells
<1% white blood cells and thrombocytes (platelets)
RBCs’ hemoglobin also helps buffer the blood
Thrombocytes are
platelets
Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
lymphocytes - T cells, B cells
monocytes tissue macrophages
Blood cell formation is called
Hematopoiesis
RBC production is called
Erythropoiesis
three phases of RBC maturation
production of ribosomes
synthesis of hemoglobin
ejection of the nucleus and reduction in organelles
what is erythropoiesis controlled by
controlled by hormones, especially erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidney
final stage before mature RBC
reticulocyte
released into blood where final maturation occurs
Reticulocyte
what do you count to evaluate the health of the marrow stem cells or the response of red bone marrow to erythropoietin (EPO)
reticulocytes
if reticulocytes are low then
bone marrow not responding
if reticulocytes are high then
replacement production or abnormal circumstances
how is RBC production regulated
- regulated by negative feedback
- O2 levels monitored in kidneys
- hypoxia increases RBC production
- production stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys
symptoms of reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood
anemia
causes of anemia
Insufficient number of RBC’s 1) hemorrhage - 2) hemolytic anemia 3) aplastic anemia Decreased hemoglobin content in the RBCs 1) iron (heme) deficiency 2) pernicious anemia 3) intrinsic factor
hemorrhage
loss of RBC’s
hemolytic anemia
premature RBC destruction due to transfusion reaction, various diseases, or genetic problems
aplastic anemia
- destruction or inhibition of hematopoietic components in bone marrow
- tumors, toxins, drugs, or irradiation
iron (heme) deficiency
insufficient iron due to diet or poor absorption
pernicious anemia
lack of Vitamin B12
due to
-diet
-intrinsic factor
needed for developing RBC cell division
vitamin b12
needed for proper B12 absorption, often deficient and the actual cause of the B12 deficiency
intrinsic factor
- reduced or absent globin synthesis
- RBC’s delicate - may rupture
- low RBC count
Thalassemias
-Substitution mutation of 1 AA in the hemoglobin molecule changes the shape, flexibility & lifespan of the RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia
need two copies of what for the sickle cell disease
of the abnormal recessive gene
if someone has anemia what happens to RBC production
it decreases
if someone has a hemorrhage what happens to RBC production
decreases
when does blood cell production increase (erythropoiesis)? everything else is the opposite
high altitude
athletes
polycemia
Bi-Concave shape of RBC helps with
greater surface area/volume ratio increases gas diffusion
flexibility allows passage through narrow capillaries
Hgb on RBC are for
O2 transport
what does o2 gas combine to in lungs
hemoglobins
is o2 gas soluble or insoluble in lungs
soluble
RBC life span
1) low o2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin
2) erythropoietin levels rise in blood
3) erythropoietin promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
4) new erythrocytes enter blood stream
5) aged RBC are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen and bone marrow. Hemoglobin is broken down into iron and bilirubin in the liver.
6) bilirubin is secreted into the intestine. iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed.
Leukocyte Number Abnormalities are
Leukopenia = decreased numbers
Leukocytosis = increased numbers
Leukemia, Lymphomas = grossly increased numbers, abnormal forms; many subcategories
Leukopenia
- decreased numbers
- malnutrition, chronic disease states
- drug induced - glucocorticoids, anti-cancer drugs, etc.
Leukocytosis
- increased numbers
- Normal component of inflammatory response to injuries and infections
Leukemia, Lymphomas
- grossly increased numbers, abnormal forms; many subcategories
- bone marrow and blood stream (leukemia) or tissue spaces (lymphoma) fill with cancerous (nonfunctional) leukocytes
- crowds out other cells types
- anemia
- bleeding
- immunodeficiency
under different cancerous conditions leukocytes are acute if and chronic if
acute - if derived from -blast type cells
chronic - if derived from later stages
do thrombocytes have nucleus?
no
what is the development of thrombocytes
Megakaryocytes shed small cytoplasmic fragments
Each fragment surrounded by plasma membrane
thromobocyte Granules contain regulatory factors which serve several important functions in:
coagulation
inflammation
immune defenses
Hemostasis is
3 mechanisms exist to stop bleeding
what are the 3 mechanisms to stop bleeding in hemostasis
First - Vascular Spasm
Second - Platelet Plug Formation
Third - Coagulation
A complicated process that functions as a positive feedback cascade in hemostasis
coagulation
clot retraction is also known as
syneresis
what is important for clot formation
that it remains local not
Anticoagulant naturally present in blood
heparin
what do warfarin
aspirin and CPD have in common
they are all anticoagulants
Warfarin (coumadin) is a
Vitamin K antagonist and causes anticoagulation
how are Aspirin & related NSAIDs anticoagulants
- blocks platelet aggregation
- prevents formation of thromboxane A2
how is CPD (citrate phosphate dextrose) a anticoagulate
removes Ca2+ by chelation
used for blood collected in blood banks for transfusion
Intravascular Clotting
Roughened endothelium (atherosclerosis, trauma, infection) or slow blood flow may result in spontaneous clot (thrombus) formation, thrombosis
Thrombus released into blood becomes thromboembolus
pulmonary embolus – may be immediately fatal
other materials include air, amniotic fluid, tumor cells, or trauma debris
may trigger thrombus formation or fragmentation and release
Angioplasty
RBC surface has genetically determined antigens,
agglutinogens
Naturally occurring antibodies produced in response to the agglutinogens not present in your blood
Agglutinins
universal recipients
AB
universal donors
O
named for the Rhesus monkey Ag
Rh
those expressing Rh antigens are
RH+
Those without Rh agglutinogens are
Rh-
hemolytic disease of the newborn =
erythroblastosis fetalis (many “blue babies” prior to WWII)
immune system only makes agglutinins in response to
specific exposure to Rh antigens
a condition where you have thick blood or too much blood cells
polycythemia
anything that alters immune function and impedes growth does what to RBC
decreases erythropoisis
where is erythropoitin produced
in the kidney
iron is stored as what where
ferritin hemosiderin in the liver
heme is stored where and broken down into
in the liver, broken down into bilirubin
if i have an excess build up of billirubin what does that show up as
jaundice
how does the body stop bleeding
hemostasis
steps of hemostasis
1) blood vessels constrict causing more blood to be squirted out
2) flow is increased to hole, causing platelets to aggregate
3) coagulation forming a gel like substance
dyiapadesis
blood tearing and pulling through a little more to cause clotting
aggregation causes
coagulation
clotting in a normal vessel is called
thrombosis
fibrin is
spider man. traps blood cells
protein that creates scar tissue
fibrin
blood coming together to form coagulation is called
aggregation
what vitamin is necessary for any coagulation to happen
K-clotting
erythroblastosis fetalis is
when mom is negative and the baby isnt
