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Chp 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

The body’s second homeostatic control system is what system

A

endocrine sytem

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2
Q

what system uses hormones as control agents

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

how does the endocrine system secrete hormones

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine (ductless) glands and tissues

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4
Q

what chemical messengers are released into the blood to regulate specific body functions and in what system?

A

hormones in the endocrine system

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5
Q

Endocrinology:

A

the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organs

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6
Q

Hormones Regulate:

A

Volume & chemical composition of the extracellular fluid (ECF)
Metabolism and energy balance
Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers and many glandular secretions
Homeostasis during normal and emergency conditions
Some immune system activities
Coordinated, sequential growth, development, and maturation
Reproduction

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7
Q

Hormones Regulate Reproduction by regulating

A
  • gamete production
  • fertilization
  • nourishment of the embryo and fetus
  • labor and delivery
  • lactation for nourishment of the infant
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8
Q

which system is rapid and which is slow

A

nervous rapid

endocrine is slow

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9
Q

What disease or condition is caused by unmyelination of mylin sheath

A

MS

multiple sclerosis

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10
Q

which system sends messages via nerve fibers and which sends messages through hormones released into body fluids in the blood

A

nerve fibers- nervous system

hormones- endocrine

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11
Q

which system has neurotransmitters released at specific effector(s)?
which system has all body cells exposed; only target cells with receptors respond?

A

nervous system- has neurotransmitters released at specific effector(s)

endocrine system-
all body cells exposed; only target cells with receptors respond

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12
Q

which system has nerve impulses are brief (msecs/seconds), although control can be sustained?

which system has hormones persist for seconds/hours/days?

A

nervous system has nerve impulses are brief (msecs/seconds), although control can be sustained

endocrine system has- hormones persist for seconds/hours/days

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13
Q

which system has responses of target cells may last seconds/hours/days, even weeks/months?

which system has response of effectors is of relatively short duration (seconds/minutes)?

A

endocrine system- responses of target cells may last seconds/hours/days, even weeks/months

nervous system has response of effectors is of relatively short duration (seconds/minutes)

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14
Q

what gland secrete hormones into surrounding tissue fluid by exocytosis and the blood transports them to target cells?

A

Endocrine glands

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15
Q

which glad secrete various compounds by exocytosis into a duct system

A

Exocrine glands

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16
Q

which glands have extensive capillary blood supply

which glands form a discrete structure/organ

A

all glands

exocrine and endocrine glands

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17
Q

what glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

mixed glands

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18
Q

Six Pure Endocrine Glands

A 
pineal
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex/medulla
thymus
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19
Q

mixed glands:

A
  • pancreas

- gonads: ovaries & testes

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20
Q

other endocrine tissue

A
  • stomach and intestines
  • skin and adipose tissue
  • heart
  • kidneys
  • placenta
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21
Q

neuroendocrine “organs”

A

Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland

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22
Q

Two types of Chemical Regulators are

A 
Circulating hormones (endocrines)
Local hormones
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23
Q

Circulating hormones (endocrines) travel

A

travel via the blood to reach all tissues, and may affect distant target cells

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24
Q

Local hormones diffuse into

A

-diffuse into local interstitial fluid, reach and affect only local target cells

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25
Q

Types of local hormones

A

-paracrine - acts on target cells close to the site of release
-autocrine - acts on the same cell which secreted it
for the various immune system local hormones, see Chapter 21 (cytokines, lymphokines, etc.)

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26
Q

What hormone molecules are usually short lived, and inactivated quickly

A

local hormones

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27
Q

What hormone molecules linger in the bloodstream, and exert their effects for minutes or hours

A

Circulating hormones

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28
Q

what hormones are inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues or in the bloodstream or in the liver; some hormones are also eliminated by the kidneys

A

circulating hormones

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29
Q

what hormones cause kidney or liver disease – may cause problems due to increased hormone levels

A

circulating hormones

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30
Q

Two main chemical classes of circulating hormones

A

Amino acid based:
amines - from single amino acids
peptides – short sequences of amino acids
proteins - long chains of amino acids

Steroids: synthesized from cholesterol

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31
Q

end in
OL
or
ONE

A

lipid

steroid

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32
Q

End in
INE
or
IN

A

Amine or protien

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33
Q

A third category exists, if local hormones are included in the chemicals of circulating hormones

A

eicosanoids: synthesized from a cell membrane fatty acid (arachidonic acid)

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34
Q

synthesized from a cell membrane fatty acid (arachidonic acid)

A

eicosanoids

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35
Q

from single amino acids

A

amines

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36
Q

short sequences of amino acids

A

peptides

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37
Q

proteins

A

long chains of amino acids

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38
Q

Hormones may alter cell activities and metabolism by

A

Changing membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing gated ion channels

Synthesis of proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates or certain regulatory molecules within the cell

Enzyme activation or deactivation

Induction or suppression of secretory activities

Stimulation of mitosis (and meiosis in the stem cells in the gonads)

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39
Q

Most amino acid, peptide and protein hormones are three things

A

Are water soluble/lipid insoluble (hydrophilic)

Cannot cross the cell membrane

Need a second messenger to exert their effects

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40
Q

Second Messenger Systems are

A

Most amino acid, peptide and protein hormones:

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41
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) excitatory stages

A

1) Hormone A (excitatory) binds membrane receptor, activating Gs
2) Gs stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC)
3) AC forms cAMP from ATP
4) cAMP activates Protein Kinase A
5) PKA: activates/deactivates other enzymes; stimulates cell secretion; opens ion channels, etc.

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42
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) inhibitory stages

A

1) Hormone B (inhibitory) binds its membrane receptor, activating Gi
2) Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase
3) Antagonistic control

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43
Q

Twice as much activation happens with

A

second messengers

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44
Q

Two second messengers may

A

work together (e.g., IP3 & Ca2+)

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45
Q

Activate enzymes and trigger other

A

intracellular activities

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46
Q

Hormones are in very low concentrations in

A

body fluids

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47
Q

Hormones they bind how to target cell membrane receptors

A

reversibly

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48
Q

Second messengers initiate what

A

a cascade of events (a “snowball” effect) because they activate enzymes that act on other enzymes

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49
Q

This cascade effect does what

A

amplifies the effect of small quantities of hormone binding to cells

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50
Q

For instance, consider a single hormone molecule binding to a specific receptor on a cell surface

A

It may activate 10 membrane proteins

Each membrane protein may activate 10 adenylate cyclase enzymes to produce 1000 cAMP’s

This produces a total of 100,000 second messengers in the cell which act on various cytoplasmic enzymes

Each enzyme may then activate hundreds/thousands of other protein molecules

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51
Q

Steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol) are

A

lipid soluble and penetrate the cell membrane

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52
Q

Bind to cytoplasmic receptors inside the cell

A

steroid hormones

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53
Q

Hormone-receptor (h-r) complex enters the nucleus, binds to a

A

DNA receptor protein

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54
Q

Hormone-receptor (h-r) complex enters the nucleus, binds to a DNA receptor protein
This causes

A

transcription of certain genes, and thus produces specific proteins

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55
Q

This direct gene activation is a slower process, but with longer lasting effects

A

steroid hormone

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56
Q

Target cells have specific

A

cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors which bind to a specific hormone

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57
Q

A target cell has how many receptors

A

2,000 to 100,000 receptors for each hormone to which they respond

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58
Q

target cells have what kind of regulation

A

down regulation and up regulation

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59
Q

down-regulation

A

reduction in the number of receptors when a hormone is present in excess so target tissues become less sensitive

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60
Q

up-regulation

A

increase in the number of receptors when hormone is deficient so that target tissues become more sensitive

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61
Q

Hormone Interactions at Targets are divided into what groups

A

permissveness
synergism
antagonism

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62
Q

Permissveness

A

one hormone allows another hormone to cause an effect

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63
Q

example of permissiveness

A

thyroid hormone permits reproductive hormones to cause their effects on reproductive development

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64
Q

Synergism

A

effect of two hormones acting together is greater than either acting alone

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65
Q

example of synergism

A

ex: glucagon and epinephrine together cause more increase in blood glucose than either alone

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66
Q

Antagonism

A

one hormone has an opposite effect to another hormone

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67
Q

example of antagonism

A

ex: glucagon elevates blood glucose, insulin lowers blood glucose

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68
Q

Humoral Control/Autocontrol of hormone release

A

levels of substances in the blood regulate the release of the hormone,

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69
Q

Ca2+ levels in blood regulate PTH release by the parathyroid gland
is an example of

A

Humoral Control/Autocontrol

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70
Q

Glucose levels in blood regulate insulin and glucagon release by the pancreatic islets
is an example of

A

Humoral Control/Autocontrol

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71
Q

Na+ and K+ levels in the blood regulate aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex
is an example of

A

Humoral Control/Autocontrol

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72
Q

Nervous System Control of hormone release

A

neural input stimulates the release of specific hormones.

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73
Q

what types of hormone release are there

A

Humoral Control/Autocontrol

Nervous System Control:

Hormonal Control

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74
Q

Sympathetic ANS stimulation of the adrenal glands cause them to release epinephrine and norepinephrine is an example pf

A

Nervous System Control of hormone release

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75
Q

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus cause oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary during labor or breast feeding is an example of

A

Nervous System Control of hormone release

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76
Q

Nerve impulses from hypothalamus cause ADH release from the posterior pituitary when water concentration of blood declines is an example of

A

Nervous System Control of hormone release

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77
Q

Hormonal Control of hormone release

A

hormones stimulate the release of other hormones

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78
Q

Neurohormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones which, in turn, stimulate the thyroid gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads, respectively, to release their hormones
is an example of

A

hormonal control

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79
Q

Two structural components with different embryological origins is known as what gland

A

pituitary

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80
Q

The Master Gland

A

pituitary gland

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81
Q

how many functional components does the pituitary glands have

A

two

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82
Q

The pituitary gland has two functional components

A

anterior pituitary
and
posterior pituitary

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83
Q

Anterior pituitary

does what

A
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Primarily glandular tissue
  • Synthesizes protein hormones
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84
Q

Posterior pituitary

does what

A
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Primarily neuosecretory cells (their cell bodies in the hypothalamus)
  • Secretes peptide hormones
  • Some support/glial cells
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85
Q

The Pituitary gland Connected to the hypothalamus by the

A

infundibulum

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86
Q

the pituitary gland vascular linkage

A
  • hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

- two capillary beds – the hypophyseal portal system

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87
Q

the pituitary gland nervous linkage

A
  • hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

- hypothalamic neuron axons

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88
Q

Regulation of Pituitary Hormone Release is by

A

the anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland

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89
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones/factors
transported via blood in the hypophyseal
portal system

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90
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

neuroendocrine release from neurosecretory cells
hormones produced in hypothalamus and
released from axon end bulbs in the posterior lobe

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91
Q

Growth Hormone =

A

human growth hormone (hGH)

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92
Q

Anterior Lobe / Adenohypophysis

produces what hormone

A

hGH

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93
Q

sweat glands are called

A

eccrine

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94
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

releases hormones

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95
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical messanger

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96
Q

what other system has chemical messangers

A

nervous system

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97
Q

example of a nervous system chemical messenger

A

acetylcholine

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98
Q

what are chemical messengers doing

A

regulation (increase or decrease) or homeostasis

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99
Q

what are some things chemicals regulate

A 
blood pressure 
temp
cycles 
rate of metabolism 
sleep
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100
Q

endocrine system directly secretes hormones where

A

into the blood stream

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101
Q

endocrine tissue has that name because

A

is to secrete hormones

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102
Q

ductless system

A

endocrine system

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103
Q

humoral means

A

secreting something directly into the blood stream

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104
Q

if we are secreating something into the blod stream we know it is what system

A

circulatory traveling alongside everything going to the organ or cell its targeting

105
Q

like boats that are secreted into the blood stream

A

humoral

106
Q

key difference between chemical messengers in the endocrine system and nervous system

A

endocrine has to do with the blood stream nervous has to do with nueromuscular and neuron neuron junctions

107
Q

which is faster acting and shorter lasting nervous or endocrine

A

nervous

108
Q

which are longer lasting and slower to where they need to go? Nervous system, or endocrine

A

endocrine

109
Q 
Anterior Lobe / Adenohypophysis
release 
stimulated by....
feedback...
inhibited by...
A
  • stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus
  • negative feedback regulation by low blood levels of GH
  • inhibited by GHIH (somatostatin) from the hypothalamus
110
Q

Anterior Lobe / Adenohypophysis actions

targets. ..
stimulates. …

A

Actions

  • targets especially liver, muscle, bone, cartilage; also most tissues
  • stimulates growth, mobilizes fats, elevates blood glucose (insulin antagonist
111
Q

two different types of hormones in relation to how they function

A

direct

tropic

112
Q

example of a direct hormone

A

insulin- because it goes directly to the glucose and then the cell

113
Q

tropic hormones have what

A

a middle man are also apart of hte endocrine system

114
Q

example of a tropic hormone

A

TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone. Because it first goes to the thyroid gland

115
Q

Where is TSH secreted

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

116
Q

SH or RH on the end are…

A

always tropic

117
Q

will release hormones to effect another endocrine gland /tissue

A

tropic

118
Q

endocrine gland releases hormone that targets cells is what type of hormone

A

direct

119
Q

endocrine gland releases hormone that targets another endocrine gland

A

tropic

120
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is what kind of tissue

A

Neurol tissue

121
Q

stalk that is above the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

122
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as

A

adenohypophysis

123
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as

A

adenohypophysis

124
Q

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is an extension of

A

hypothalamus

125
Q

the storage spot and released for only two hormones oxytocin

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland or neurohypophysis

126
Q

oxytocin is invloved and found

A

is involved in labor and milk let down

found in the posterior lobe if the pituitary gland or neurohypophysis

127
Q

oxytocin is invloved and found

A

is involved in labor and milk let down

found in the posterior lobe if the pituitary gland or neurohypophysis

128
Q

oxytocin has the ability to secrete

A

happy hormones

129
Q

milk letdown needs what to happen

A

oxytocin

130
Q

where is prolactin hormone (produces milk) produced

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

131
Q

ADH is

A

anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin (protein)

132
Q

anti diuretics do what

A

retaining /reabsorption of H2O

133
Q

where is retaining/reabsorption of h2o happening

A

in the kidneys

134
Q

why and what instance would you need to secrete ADH (anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin)

A

dehydration

135
Q

what inhibits ADH (anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin)

A

alcohol

136
Q

reabsorption of water is caused by what hormone

A

ADH

137
Q

storage site of two hormones

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

138
Q

the president of the body or the master endocrine gland

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis

139
Q

gland that produces and secretes many tropic hormones

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis

140
Q

Gland responsible for anything with tropic hormones . SH or RH and sometimes IH at the end. Stimulating and releasing

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis

141
Q

Deals with TSH, FSH releasing TRH

A

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis

142
Q

Two direct hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis

A

Growth Hormone

prolactin

143
Q

regulates musculoskelatal growth

A

Growth Hormone

144
Q

Not enough of this causes dwarfisim

A

Growth Hormone

145
Q

determines how fast or slow and when your epiphyseal plates close

A

GH

146
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary

147
Q

symptoms of pituitary adenoma for a female

A 
producing milk when you aren't suppose to.
vision problems.
headaches
crazy 
sluggish
148
Q

FSH and LH are

A

tropic hormones that affect your ovaries messing up your ovaries progesterone and

149
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

melatonin (sleep cycle regulation)

150
Q

melatonin is activated by ____ and secreted during ___

A

sunlight

stage two of REM sleep 2-4am

151
Q

butterfly shaped organ surrounding the larynx (voice box)

A

thyroid gland

152
Q

does TSH get secreted by the thyroid gland

A

no

153
Q

where is TSH secreted? And what type of hormone is it? So where is it going?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary
tropic
the thyroid

154
Q

thyroid gland secretes

A

calcitonin
thyroxin
-T3 or T4

155
Q

if i was diagnosed with hypothyroidism? Would my levels of TH be increased or decreased?

A

decreased secretion of TH

156
Q

TIH is what? Comes into play when?

A

Thyroid inhibiting hormone. If the president (anterior lobe of pituitary gland) talks to the ceo (hypothalamus)

157
Q

hypothyroid is determined if you have

A

elevated TH levels. Anterior pituitary determines that

158
Q

decreased tsh level and increased T3T4 you have

A

hyperthyroidism

159
Q

feedback loop always includes the

A

hypothalamus

160
Q

hypothalamus sends a signal to the ___ to release TIH

A

anterior pituitary

161
Q

the parathyroid releases what hormone and where is it located

A

parathyroid hormone out of the thyroid gland

162
Q

parathyroid regulates and increases

A

blood calcium. osteoclast

163
Q

TSH stands for…. and is secreted by

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

anterior lobe of the pituitary

164
Q

TSH tropic or direct

A

tropic… targets thyroid

165
Q

where is calcitonin secreated by?

A

thyroid

166
Q

is there endocrine tissue in other organs?

A

yes

167
Q

storage spot for oxytocin, ADH two hormones

A

posterior part of pituitary gland

168
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone/vasopressin

169
Q

Anti diuretic means

A

reabsorption of h20 in the kidneys

170
Q

what inhibits adh from being released

A

alcohol

171
Q

The president of the body or mast

A

adenohypophysis

172
Q

When would you need to secrete adh

A

dehydration

173
Q

alcohol does what to adh

A

inhibits

174
Q

produces and secretes many tropic hormones

A

anterior gland

175
Q

if it has sh, rh or something with an IH at the end means

A

it is tropic, and from the anterior gland
sh- stimulating
rh- releasing
ih- inhibiting

176
Q

sometimes IH is

A

inhibiting

177
Q

two direct hormones from the anterior

A

growth hormone, prolactin

178
Q

how is the growth hormone helping us grow?

A

it is regulating muscular skeletal growth. how fast or slow your epihyseal plates grow

179
Q

the GH is from where and what type of hormone

A

anterior pituitary

and direct

180
Q

what is a pituitary adenoma

A

tumor of anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe causing milk production `

181
Q

FSH and LH are what

A

tropic hormones from the anterior lobe that affect your ovaries. Affect progesterone and estrogen

182
Q

Pineal gland does what

A

secretes melatonin

183
Q

Does TSH get secreted by the Thyroid gland

A

no

184
Q

what secretes TSH and what kind of hormone is it

A

anterior, topic

185
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete

A

calcitonin and thyroxine (T3, T4)

186
Q

if I was diagnosed with hypothyroidism would my levels of TSH be increased or decreased? and would the thyroid hormone be increased or decreased

A

thyroid hormone is low so the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is increases TSH in an atempt to increase the thyroid hormone

187
Q

if I was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism would my levels of TSH be increased or decreased?

A

decreased because there is already too much thyroid hormone in the blood

188
Q

what two major hormones are involved in the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

189
Q

what cells secrete the hormones in the pancreas

A

islets of longerhans
islets of the pancreas
pancreatic ilets

specifically alpha and beta

190
Q

alpha and beta cells of the pancreas secrete what

A

alpha cells secretes glucagon
and
beta cells secrete insulin

191
Q

what is the breakdown process when we eat

A

first: glucose
and bombarding the blood stream and that sends a message to the beta cells of the pancreas. Since beta cells are their carries they tag on to glucose and take them to the cells to convert that glucose into atp and to any kind of storage as glycogen.

192
Q

why would glucagon (secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas) be released

A

in between meals

or in the absence of dietary glucose.

193
Q

what does glucagon do and where does it get it from

A

its putting glucose back into the blood stream from stored places. First skeletal muscle then the liver.

194
Q

the term Diabetes means

A

passing through

195
Q

what is there to make sure we have a constant blood glucose level

A

glucagon

196
Q

antagonist of insulin

A

glucagon

197
Q

mellitus means

A

sweet

198
Q

what is passing through in diabetes mellitus

A

glucose

199
Q

what is happening in diabetes mellitus

A

not enough insulin, so the glucose isn’t being absorbed

200
Q

if we don’t have enough insulin what are we not going to be able to do

A

store or carry glucose to all the cells. so our body determine

201
Q

two reasons our body wouldn’t have enough insulin

A

type one and type two diabetes mellitus

202
Q

how is type one diabetes mellitus different from type two

A

type one is an autoimmune disorder (beta cell of the pancreas or the immune system is attacking the beta cells, causing us to not be able to produce enough of it or faulty receptors)
type two is you did this to yourself (genetic predisposition, diet)

203
Q

diabetes mellitus type one is considered what?

A

insulin dependent

204
Q

insulin resistance

A

when your body is bombarded with sugar

205
Q

how do you know if a patient is insulin resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

exhausted
eat all the time still hungry (craving sweets)
Not within normal bmi
and can’t loose weight

206
Q

non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. why?

A

type 2

because it is reversible if you catch it in time. If you don’t change your lifestyle it will change to type 1.

207
Q

what is prescribed for type two diabetes

A

glucophage

208
Q

three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus (one and two)

A

1) polydipsia (many thirst)
2) polyphagia (many hunger)
3) polyuria (many urination)

209
Q

Diabetes insipidus has nothing to with and everything to do with

A

insulin, glucose, pancreas
and has to do with water
insipid means clear

210
Q

if someone has diabetes insipidus their urine is

A

clear

211
Q

diabetes insipidus is an absence of

A

ADH- anti diuretic hormone

212
Q

If I don’t have the ability to release adh or enough of it then what is going to happen

A

more excreation of everything because it helps us have more water any thing you drink is passing through and not being retained

213
Q

adh is stored where and made where

A

the stored in posterior pituitary gland and made in the hypothalamus

214
Q

What Is an Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

is a hormone that helps your kidneys manage the amount of water in your body. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve.

215
Q

How does diabetes affect the kidneys?

A

Diabetes means passing through. So it’s going straight through the blood stream to the urinary system (kidneys).

216
Q

One glucose molecule is what?

A

C6H12O6
It’s BIG!
Meaning that as it is going through our kidneys/tiny tubules and bursting the tubs… killing the kidneys causing renal failure

217
Q

smallest functional unit of the kidney

A

nephrons

218
Q

Number two drug in the world

A

metforman or glucophage

219
Q

gonad hormone

A

testosterone

220
Q

gland that synthesizes protein hormone

A

anterior pituitary

221
Q

gland that secretes peptide hormones

A

posterior pituitary

222
Q

The Pituitary Gland connected to the hypothalamus by the

A

infundibulum

223
Q

Vascular linkage of the pituitary gland

A
  • hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

- two capillary beds – the hypophyseal portal system

224
Q

Nervous linkage of the pituitary gland

A
  • hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

- hypothalamic neuron axons

225
Q

anterior lobe releases what hormones

A 
GH- Growth Hormone 
TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone 
ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 
FSH-follicle stimulating 
LH/ICSH- Luteinizing hormone/interstitial cell stimulating hormone
Prolactin
226
Q

posterior lobe releases what hormones

A

Oxytocin

ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin)

227
Q

Thyroid Gland releases what hormones

A 
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Amine hormones
Tyrosine
(Thyro) calcitonin
228
Q

Parathyroid glands releases what hormones

A

PTH- Parathyroid Hormone

229
Q

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones/factors
transported via blood
in the hypophyseal
portal system

A

Anterior pituitary

230
Q

hormones produced in hypothalamus and

released from axon end bulbs in the posterior lobe

A

Posterior pituitary

231
Q

Growth Hormone release

A
  • stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus
  • negative feedback regulation by low blood levels of GH
  • inhibited by GHIH (somatostatin) from the hypothalamus
232
Q

hyposecretion of GH leads to

A

pituitary dwarfism (normal trunk/limb proportions)

233
Q

hypersecretion of GH in children and adults leads to

A

childhood – pituitary gigantism

adulthood - acromegaly

234
Q

inhibited by negative feedback from the thyroid hormones and GHIH (somatostatin)

A

TSH

235
Q

stimulated by:

  • TRH from hypothalamus
  • indirectly by pregnancy and body temperature
A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

236
Q

targets thyroid gland

stimulates thyroid hormone release (T3 and T4)

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

237
Q

stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

238
Q

inhibited by negative feedback by glucocorticoids from adrenal gland (and by chronic use of therapeutic anti-inflammatory steroids)

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

239
Q

targets adrenal cortex

stimulates release of glucocorticoids (and to a lesser degree – gonadocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids)

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

240
Q

hyposecretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) causes what dieses

A

Addison’s Disease

241
Q

hypersecretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) causes what disese

A

Cushing’s Disease (pituitary tumor)

242
Q
  • stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus
  • inhibited by negative feedback
  • estrogen and inhibin in females
  • testosterone and inhibin in males
A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

243
Q 
targets ovaries and testes
female
stimulates ovarian follicle to mature
stimulates production of estrogen
male - stimulates sperm production
A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

244
Q

-Release
-stimulated by GnRH
-inhibited by negative feedback
estrogen and progesterone in females (except during LH surge)
testosterone in males

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) [Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) in males]

245
Q

targets ovaries and testes

  • stimulates
  • females - ovulation and production of estrogen and especially progesterone
  • males – production of androgens, e.g., testosterone
A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) [Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) in males]

246
Q

targets breast secretory tissue

stimulates milk production for lactation

A

prolactin

247
Q

targets smooth muscle of the uterus and the breast

stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection/letdown

A

oxytocin

248
Q

positive feedback
uterine stimulation (stretch) and suckling stimulate the hypothalamus to release oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
stimulates uterine contractions (labor) and milk letdown
increases feedback for more oxytocin release
inhibited by lack of these stimuli

A

Oxytocin

249
Q

(1) targets kidney (ADH effect)
stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
NaCl (salt) will be conserved passively to some degree
(2) targets vascular smooth muscle to constrict
elevates blood pressure (vasopressin effect)

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

250
Q

stimulated by impulses from hypothalamus in response to:
increased osmolarity (dehydration)
decreased blood volume or blood pressure
stress
inhibited by adequate hydration or ethanol ingestion

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

251
Q

Located in the anterior neck inferior to the larynx (“Adam’s apple”)

A

Thyroid Gland

252
Q

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body

A

Thyroid Gland

253
Q

Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus

A

Thyroid Gland

254
Q

formed from an amino acid (AA) –

A

tyrosine

255
Q

targets all tissues except adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus and thyroid gland

A

Thyroid Gland

256
Q

important regulator of growth and development in conjunction with hGH

A

Thyroid Gland

257
Q

stimulates glucose metabolism
increases basal metabolic rate
increases body heat = thermogenesis

A

Thyroid Gland

258
Q

decreased levels of thyroid hormones stimulate

A

TRH and TSH

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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