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Bio 2 > Chp 19 PP > Flashcards

Chp 19 PP Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Structure/function relationships change as one moves through the cardiovascular tree

A

vessels

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2
Q

Vessels Tunic thickness and composition of the three layers are

A

variable

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3
Q

capillary beds flow is regulated by

A

smooth muscle valves

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4
Q

allows flow through capillary bed w/out flow through caps

A

Metarterioles

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5
Q

are found from arterioles to venules through capillary

A

Metarterioles

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6
Q

pre-capillary sphincter

A
  • True capillaries
  • ring of smooth muscle
  • open/close to control flow
  • regulated by chemicals
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7
Q

True capillaries

have intermittent vasomotion. How often do they open

A

, open for flow 5-10 times each minute

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8
Q

Allow exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the tissue cells

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

Capillary structure

A

– simple squamous epithelium

  • basal lamina - connective tissue
  • endothelial cells
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10
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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11
Q

Vascular Anastomoses that provides collateral supply to some organs and tissues, e.g., skeletal muscles

A

Arterial Anastomoses

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12
Q

Vascular Anastomoses are

A
  • Arterial Anastomoses
  • Arteriovenous Anastomoses
  • Venous Anastomoses
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13
Q

Vascular Anastomoses that have thoroughfare channels

A

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

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14
Q

Vascular Anastomoses that are most common, e.g., deep and superficial veins in limbs and head

A

Venous Anastomoses

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15
Q

At rest how much of blood volume is located in veins and venules

A

60%

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16
Q

at rest serves as reservoirs for blood

A

venous system

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17
Q

what veins in particular serve as reservoirs for blood

A

veins of the abdominal organs and the skin

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18
Q

how does ANS regulate volume distribution

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodilation
  • diverts blood to areas with increased metabolic needs
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19
Q

what organ of the body holds 1 liter of blood

A

spleen

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20
Q

Flow =

A

ΔP/R

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21
Q

MAP =

A

mean arterial pressure

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22
Q

CO =

A

MAP/R

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23
Q

when you go from higher pressure to lower pressure you do what to resistance

A

decrease resistance

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24
Q

pressure of the blood on the vessel wall is

A

blood pressure

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25
Q

measure the pressure of a volume in a space

is

A

blood pressure

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26
Q

norm systole/diastole is

A

120/80 (mm Hg)

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27
Q

what is BP at the Right atrium

A

0.0 mm Hg

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28
Q

opposes blood flow because of the friction produced by the vessel walls is

A

resistance

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29
Q

Factors that affect resistance (R)

A

1) viscosity
2) vessel length
3) vessel width

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30
Q

if viscosity increases what happens to resistance

A

resistance increases

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31
Q

“thickness” of the blood is

A

viscosity

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32
Q

what can cause viscosity

A

e.g., dehydration, elevated plasma proteins, polycythemia (RBCs), leukemias (WBCs)

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33
Q

resistance is what to viscosity

A

proportional

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34
Q

resistance is what to vessel length

A

proportional

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35
Q

what does obesity do to the route lengths within connective tissue

A

increases

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36
Q

resistance is what to vessel width

A

inversely proportional

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37
Q

decrease the radius by 1/2 and R increases by

A

16x

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38
Q

most important in vessels that can change their

A

size actively

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39
Q

changes in diameter affect

A

flow

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40
Q

blood cells dragging against the wall is called

A

vessel wall drag

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41
Q

layers of flow is called

A

laminar flow

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42
Q

if vessel length increases resistance

A

increases

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43
Q

if vessel width decreases resistance

A

increases

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44
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) =

A

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

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45
Q

all vascular resistance is offered by the

A

systemic vessels

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46
Q

resistance is highest in

A

arterioles

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47
Q

largest pressure drop is in the

A

arterioles

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48
Q

Relationship of the radius to resistance in the arterioles is due to

A

smooth muscle contraction/relaxation

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49
Q

What does the Windkessel effect have on pulse pressure?

A
  • Decreases pulse pressure
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50
Q

What is the effect of hardening of the arteries on pulse pressure?

A

Increases pulse pressure

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51
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

systolic (minus) diastolic

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52
Q

Arterial Blood Pressure

A

Pulsatile in arteries due to the pumping of the heart

Systolic/diastolic values

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53
Q

Capillaries have what kind of Blood Pressure high or low

A

relatively low blood pressure

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54
Q

low pressure is good design for capillaries because:

A

capillaries are fragile - high pressure would tears them

capillaries are very permeable - high pressure forces a lot of fluid out

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55
Q

the volume of blood flowing back to heart from systemic veins is called

A

Venous return

56
Q

venous return depends on

A

pressure difference from beginning of venules (16 mmHg) to heart (0 mmHg)

57
Q

any change in right atrial (RA) pressure changes

A

venous return

58
Q

what act as assistance for venous return

A
  • skeletal muscles act as pumps

- respiratory pump

59
Q

how does the respiratory pump assist venous return

A
  • inhaling causes a lowered pressure in the thoracic cavity
  • primarily to pull air into the lungs
  • helps to draw blood into thorax via pulmonary circulation
60
Q

how does the skeletal muscle act as a pump for venous return

A

-contracting muscles squeeze veins
-force blood back to the heart
valves prevent back flow

61
Q

Velocity of blood flow - inversely proportional to

A

the total cross sectional area (CSA) of vessels

62
Q

inversely proportional to the total cross sectional area (CSA) of vessels

A

Velocity of blood flow

63
Q

what has

  • total CSA (cross sectional area) = 3-5 cm2
  • velocity = 40 cm/sec
A

Aorta

64
Q

what has

  • total CSA = 4500-6000 cm2
  • velocity = 0.1 cm/sec
A

Capillaries

65
Q

what has

  • total CSA = 14 cm2
  • velocity = 5-20 cm/sec
A

Vena Cava

66
Q

site of exchange between blood and tissues

A

Capillary Function

67
Q

delivery of nutrients and removal of wastes

A

Capillary Function

68
Q

slow flow allows time for molecules to diffuse

A

Capillary Function

69
Q

Mechanisms of nutrient exchange

in capillaries

A

diffusion - O2, CO2, glucose, AA’s, hormones, electrolytes – diffuse down [ ] gradients

lipid soluble molecules can pass through cell membrane easily

water soluble molecules generally require transport mechanisms to enter/exit cells

70
Q

fluid movement in capillaries

A
  • Fluid diffuses out and is reabsorbed across the capillary walls
  • Starling’s law of the capillaries
71
Q

Forces driving the movement of fluid

in capillaries

A

Hydrostatic pressure capillary (HPc)

Hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid (HPif)

Osmotic pressure capillary (OPc)

Osmotic pressure interstitial fluid (OPif)

72
Q

is the net effect of all four forces at any point along the capillary

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

73
Q

On average, how much fluid entering the tissues on the arteriole side is reabsorbed on venous end

A

85%

74
Q

neural control of the cardiac centers comes from the

A

medulla

75
Q

has a medullary area dedicated to control of blood vessels

A

Vasomotor center

76
Q

sends sympathetic output to blood vessels

A

Vasomotor center

77
Q

receives sensory input from different sources

A

Vasomotor center

78
Q

what different sources does the vasomotor center receive sensory input from

A

baroreceptors (blood pressure)

chemoreceptors (O2, CO2, H+, HCO3-)

79
Q
  • normal amount of vasoconstriction or vasodilation is called
A

Vasomotor tone

80
Q

Vasoconstricts or vasodilates as needed through sympathetic output to blood vessels

A

Vasomotor center

81
Q

ANS can vary the vasomotor tone which

A

varies the delivery of blood to particular regional capillary beds

82
Q

what short term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure are located at carotid sinuses and aortic arch

A

Baroreceptor

83
Q

do baroreceptors monitor blood pressure

A

yes

84
Q

regulates the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (vascular tone)
and help maintaining blood pressure short term

A

baroreceptors

85
Q

Carotid bodies, aortic bodies

Monitor changes in indicator chemicals (O2, CO2, H+, HCO3-)

A

Chemoreceptor initiated reflexes

86
Q

increased CO2, increased H+, decreased O2 (stresses) result in

A

increased sympathetic activity and increased blood pressure

87
Q

what are the higher brain centers (areas above medulla) - that influence short term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure

A

cortex and hypothalamus

88
Q

not involved in minute-to-minute regulation of short term blood pressure regulation

A

cortex and hypothalamus

89
Q

when do the cortex and hypothalamus influence the vasomotor center

A

temperature changes

stressful emotional situations

90
Q

What are the short term chemicals that influence blood pressure

A

renin
angiotensin
aldosterone

91
Q

what does Renin/ACE do to influence blood pressure

A

enzymes from kidney/lung

catalyze formation of Angiotensin I/II

92
Q

what does Angiotensin II do to influence blood pressure

A

vasoconstrictor

stimulates Antidiuretic Hormone ADH, thirst

stimulates aldosterone release for Na+ & H2O reabsorption

93
Q

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in coordination with activity from the Sympathetic Division of the ANS

A

Adrenal medulla

94
Q

diverts blood from the skin and abdominal organs to the skeletal muscles

A

Adrenal medulla

95
Q

increases heart rate, stroke volume and, therefore, cardiac output & blood pressure

A

Adrenal medulla

96
Q

also stimulates vasoconstriction at high levels

A

ADH

97
Q

targets kidneys to retain water

A

ADH

98
Q

(ADH action is inhibited by

A

alcohol

99
Q

has osmoreceptors in hypothalamus trigger release from the neurohypophysis

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

100
Q

released from atrial cells in response to increased blood vol & increased BP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

101
Q

stimulates vasodilation, increases Na+ and water loss, antagonizes Aldosterone, inhibits thirst

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

102
Q

controls blood volume
through nervous control - ANS and
hormones

A

Renal mechanism

103
Q

what mechanism regulates in the short term by adjusting blood pressure and adjusting blood flow to different capillary beds

regulation in the long term by adjusting blood volume

A

Renal mechanism

104
Q

target the kidneys

increased BP, increases urine flow to decrease blood pressure is done by what mechanism

A

Renal mechanism

105
Q

decreases blood pressure, decreases urine flow to increase blood pressure is done by what mechanism

A

Renal mechanism

106
Q

short term mechanisms to maintain blood pressure are

A

Neural Control - Cardiac Centers in medulla (Vasomotor center)

Baroreceptor

Chemoreceptor

Cortex and hypothalamus

Chemicals
Renin - Angiotensin - Aldosterone

Adrenal medulla

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

107
Q

Maintaining Blood Pressure: Long Term Regulation is done by

A

Renal mechanism

108
Q

what is local automatic adjustment of blood flow to match specific local tissue metabolic needs called

A

Autoregulation (local control)

109
Q

In Autoregulation Warming does what to control blood flow

A

increases vasodilation

110
Q

In Autoregulation Cooling does what to control blood flow

A

increases vasoconstriction

111
Q

In Autoregulation Chemical changes in local tissues generate

A

metabolic byproducts

vasodilators or vasoconstrictors

112
Q

in myogenic control smooth muscle controls what

A

resistance

113
Q

increased stretching does what to contraction

A

increases contraction

114
Q

decreasing stretching does what to contracting

A

decreases contraction

115
Q

what has fine tuned control with wide variation in rate of blood flow

A

skeletal muscle

116
Q

what organ in the body has minimal variation in rate of blood flow
and minimal nutrient storage, so adequate flow must be maintained!

A

brain

117
Q

how is skeletal muscle influenced by the brain when involved with blood flow

A

brain directs the sympathetic division for NE release in response to the degree of muscular activity

α receptors - vasoconstriction

β receptors - vasodilation

118
Q

skeletal muscles metabolic regulation in tissue affect O2 how

A

low O2 causes vasodilation, increasing flow

high O2 cause vasoconstriction, decreasing flow

119
Q

three ways skin affects blood flow

A

adjusting rate of flow aids in temperature regulation

controls skin’s capacity as a blood reservoir

sympathetic and local metabolic regulation

120
Q

what is flow regulated by in the lungs

A

O2

121
Q

high o2 in the lungs does what to blood flow

A

high O2 causes vasodilation to increase flow – opposite of muscle

122
Q

low O2 in the lungs does what to blood flow

A

low O2 causes vasoconstriction to decrease flow – opposite of muscle

123
Q

how does the heart regulate blood flow

A

through sympathetic and local metabolic regulation

124
Q

what kind of flow does the heart have depending on metabolic/pumping activity

A

variable

125
Q

a portal system that transfers venous blood from one capillary bed to another capillary bed before the blood is returned to the heart

A

Hepatic Portal System

126
Q

collects venous blood from five abdominal organs and routes the blood to the liver for specific processing of transported molecules

A

Hepatic Portal System

127
Q

Where does HPS collect venous blood from five abdominal organs

A
  • stomach: toxins (ethanol)
  • small intestine: nutrients, toxins
  • large intestine: nutrients, toxins
  • pancreas: insulin, glucagon
  • spleen: RBC breakdown products
128
Q

bring oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the liver and then to the heart of the fetus

A

Umbilical veins

129
Q

in what circulation does the ductus venosus bypasses liver

A

Fetal Circulation

130
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

3 Right > Left shunts
because oxygenated blood is derived from the placenta

  • ductus arterious -> ligametum arteriosum
  • foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis
  • interventricular shunt -> no remnant
131
Q

where is oxygenated blood is derived from in fetal circulation

A

the placenta

132
Q

sudden dramatic loss in blood pressureor sudden decrease in circulatory flow is called

A

Circulatory Shock

133
Q

Acute hemorrhage (or other sudden fluid loss as from vomiting or diarrhea) is called

A

Hypovolemic Shock

134
Q

Loss of vasomotor tone as from anaphylaxis, neural malfunction, or poisons (septicemia) is called

A

Vascular Shock

135
Q

Loss of cardiac output due to heart failure

is called

A

Cardiogenic Shock

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