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Bio 2 > Chp 18 class recording > Flashcards

Chp 18 class recording Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Differences between cardiac muscle action potential

A

steep/fast depolarization
has a plateau
and then we repolarize

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2
Q

why does cardiac muscle plateau during action potential

A

we need to make sure is filling up all the ventricles

also because of calcium channels opening in the cardiac muscle fibers

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3
Q

cardiac muscle at rest is what milivolt

A

-90

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4
Q

what is the plateau for the cardiac muscles action potential

A

a maintained/sustained depolarization

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5
Q

what causes the plateau

A

the calcium channels being slow to open

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6
Q

does the heart gradually or quickly repolarize

A

gradually

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7
Q

does the cardiac muscle have hyperpolarization

A

no, but we do have a period of rest

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8
Q

depolarization happens because of

A

Na

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9
Q

repolarization happens because of

A

K

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10
Q

cardiac muscle action potential ion stages

A

Na
Ca
K

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11
Q

Everytime you see ca you know what is happening in the heart

A

contraction and plaeua is happening

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12
Q

even though we have no hyperpolarization we still need a protective mechanism so we aren’t sending messages to the sanode repeadtly. So when is that happening

A

in the middle of the plauteu is our absolute refractory period (when the heart is contracting)

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13
Q

the slow depolarization is only happening at the SA node until we get to

A

threshold

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14
Q

what kind of memebranes does the heart have and why

A

leaky, so I dont have to put as much effort into contraction

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15
Q

why does the heart have leaky membranes

A

to increase it’s own control

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16
Q

what can take over our pacemaker

A 
sympathetic nervous system 
lack of calcium 
electrolyte balance 
caffeine, smoking, any kind of stimulant  
hypoxia (low oxygen) from anemia
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17
Q

why does hypoxia speed up the heart overriding the sa node

A

because the heart has to work harder to give every tissue he same oxygen

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18
Q

ectopic pacemakers are

A

outside factors overriding the pacemaker, stimulants, sanode damage hypoxia

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19
Q

EKGs do what

A

measure the electrical activity at each junction

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20
Q

electrical pathway of cardiac contractions

A

sa node
atrial muscle
av node
ventricular muscle

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21
Q

contractions only happen where in the heart

A

the ventricular walls

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22
Q

how long does it take the cardiac electrical muscle to send messages

A

.05 secs sa node to av node

.1 secs av node onwards (slows down)

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23
Q

why does conduction slow in the heart

A

to allow the atria to fill with blood, send to ventricles

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24
Q

three phases of the heart on EKG

A

p, QRS, T

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25
Q

the most important phase in detecting actual contraction of the ventricles

A

QRS

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26
Q

T wave on EKG is going where

A

back to rest

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27
Q

p wave represents

A

sanode

atrial depolarization

28
Q

if I have an inverted p wave what can you assume?

A

they need a pace maker

and something is wrong with the sanode

29
Q

what does it mean if your QRS complex is drawn out?

A

contraction of the ventricles is slower

30
Q

what does the T wave represent

A

ventricular repolarization

31
Q

are invertted t waves common or uncommon… meaning what?

A

common, that we’re not able to go back to rest and each contraction is not as strong

32
Q

what makes the heart sounds

A

when valves close

33
Q

the first heart sound we hear is made by

A

when our aortic and pulmonary valves close

34
Q

second heart sound is heard when what

A

av valves are closed

35
Q

what valves have to open to fill the ventricles with blood. And which valves are closed

A

av valves

exit valves

36
Q

blood drops down and ventricles

A

contract

37
Q

systole means

A

contraction of ventricles

38
Q

diastole means

A

relaxation of the ventricles

39
Q

isovolumetric contraction and relaxation is referring to

A

at the end of systole and diastole how much blood is left over

40
Q

the cardiac cycle always starts with

A

blood coming back to the heart

41
Q

ventricular contraction happens because

A

the av valves close

42
Q

the beginning of the ventricular systole

A

when the av valves close

43
Q

period of isovolumic contraction

A

systole (how much volume is in the ventricles at the end of systole)

44
Q

diastole happens

A

immediately after we contract

45
Q

period of isovolumic relaxation

A

diastole

46
Q

what valves have to be closed during diastole

A

semilunar

47
Q

at the end of diastole what is happening

A

the ventricles are completely filled and the av valves are open

48
Q

in the middle of diastole what is happening

A

the ventricles are filling

49
Q

initial filling of blood is called

A

isovolumetric relaxation

beginning of diastole

50
Q

then the cusps are completely open allowing blood to fill up

A

complete relaxtion

middle of diastole

51
Q

maxed out at that filling capacity of ventricles

A

end of diastole

52
Q

isometric contraction. just now sending the message to the purkinges fibers sending message to contract. av valves are closed and semilunar valves are open

A

initial phase of systole

53
Q

ventricular ejection of blood is what phase

A

middle of systole

54
Q

semilunar valves close means

A

end of systole

55
Q

what is stroke volume

A

how much blood is put out of the heart at each contraction

56
Q

how well this container is able to hold all of us before it explodes is called

A

preload

57
Q

contractility is exactly at the end of

A

systole

58
Q

how well the ventricular cardiac cells contracting is what

A

preload and contractility

59
Q

the pressure that the ventricles need to overcome because of volume in the atrium

A

afterload

60
Q

how does norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system how does it override the heart

A

opens calcium channels bypassing the sanode

61
Q

the heart increases the force contraction without increasing the length of the muscle is called

A

inotropic effect

62
Q

if the heart is overworked it starts to build more

A

myocradium

63
Q

an enlarged heart due to muscle growth

A

hypertrophy

64
Q

intrinsic effect of your pacemaker is

A

the sanode

65
Q

if your sanode is messed up who takes over

A

av node

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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