Chp 25 recording Flashcards
three phases of digestion
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
when the chyme moves out of the stomach into the duodenum we have three inhibiting enzymes responsible for turning off the cephalic and gastric phase. What phase starts and what are the inhibiting enzymes?
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin
what do these enzymes do Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin
inhibit the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion causing you to not want to eat anymore
hormones that inhibit gastric secretion
enterogastrone secretion
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin
Our parasympathetic nervous system activating the absorbtion and breaking down of nutrients
vasoactive intestinal peptide
what hormone causes us to not want to eat once its released in the duodenum
vasoactive intestinal peptide
enterogastrones
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin
vasoactive intestinal peptide
is the pancreas more alkaline or acidic
alkaline
where is amylase found in the body
mouth and pancreas
what buffers acidic gastric juices stops pepsin activity and creates a proper alkaline
pancreas
why is a pancreas important
because it emulsifies and breaks down all of our fatty acid, and our amino acids
how does the liver work
collects blood with broken down nutrients from the digestives system and then goes back into the venous system… filters and recirculates blood
what brings deoxygenated blood to the liver
the hepatic portal vein, going through the sinusoids
where do the sinusoids from the liver lead to
the central vein, hepatic vein then drains into the inferior vena cava
what brings oxygenated blood to the liver
hepatic artery
do the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the liver
yes
where does the blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery mix
in the sinusoids in the liver
where do the contents of your stomach and duodenum go into
the hepatic portal vein into the liver
what supplies the liver with RBC
hepatic artery
is the hepatic portal vein from the circulatory system
no, its from the digestive system
where do all the nutrients, toxins from the stomach/ intestines go? As well as all of our hormones from the pancreas? AND breakdown products of RBC from the spleen
Liver
what creates bile
liver
what stores bile
gallbladder
what is the best emulsifier of fats
bile
is bile basic or acidic
basic
by product of bile
billy rubin
what happens when you have an excess of billy rubin
jaundice
what us glycogenisis
insulin release
glycogenolysis
when we are breaking down the stored form of sugar, glucogon
if you aren’t consuming sugar what occurs in your body
gluconeogenesis
The creation of glucagon from our stored form of it fat and protein
what does the lipid metabolism do in the liver
stores, and synthesizes triglycerides and cholesterol
what happens when the liver metabolizes protein
it deaminates amino acids by removing amino groups (nitrogen) from the amino acids
what is anything with nitrogen considered
an amino group
where does ammonia come from
the metabolism of protiens in the liver
what does uria start as
a by product of the liver metabolizing protien into amonia
where is vitamin D activated
The Liver
inflammation of the liver is known as
hepatitis
Hardened liver is known as
cirrhosis
what are the last portions of the small intestine
jejunum and ileum
movement of food in the small intestine is called
segmentation
which organ in the alamentary canal do we have oblique muscular fibers
stomach
in the digestive tract what muscular fibers are found except for in the stomach
circular and longitudinal
segmentation is what
movement of food in the small intestine
segmentation is controlled by what nervous system
autonomic parasympathetic
where does absorption start
small intestine
where does 90% of absorption take place
small intestine
what does the small intestine absorb
electrolytes Na+ K+ Fe Ca2
Vitamins
ABCDE-K
only fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
What is ADEK transported by
lipids
what are all our cells membranes made up of
phosolipids
what vitamins can be toxic to the liver
ADEK
how much water does your small intestine absorb every day
9.3 L
2 from ingestion
7 from secretions
how much water does the small intestine reabsorb
8.3 liters
glycolysis is
break down of glucose as glycogen
three major steps of converting everything we eat into energy
1) glycolysis
2) Kreb cycle (citric acid)
3) electron transport chain
during glycolysis what does glucose turn into (end product) and what happens to the carbons
end product 2 pyruvate
6 carbons
to 3 carbons
what does pyruvate turn into
the acids
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm of the cell
what is the net from 6 carbon splitting into 3 carbon
2 ATP
acetylCOA splits into what acids
Can- Citric I- Isocitrate Keep- ketoglutarate Selling- Succinyl COA Shells- succinate For- fumarate Money- malate Officer- oxaloacetate
net ATP in kreb cycle
36
forms of energy in the kreb cycle
NADH
FADH
ATP
what act as proton pumps in the kreb cycle
Hydrogens on
NADH and FADH
What is step three of kreb cycle
electron transport chain
where does the electron transport chain take place
membrane of the mitochondria
where does glycolysis happen
in the cytoplasm
glycolysis gives us how many atp
2
where is the kreb cycle happening
cristae of the mitochondria
totals of NADH and FADH at the end of the kreb cycle
6NADH
2FADH
at the end of the Electron transport chain how many atps do we have
32
total atp in all three steps
36
1) ATP
2) ATP- NADH/FADH
3) ATP
total
1) 2 ATP
2) 2 ATP 6NADH/2FADH
3) 32 ATP
Total 36
One glucose molecule can give you how much ATP after all the stages of cellular respiration
36ATP
glycolysis gives how much atp
2
three steps of cellular respiration
1) glycolysis
2) Krebs
3) Electron transport chain
during metabolism cells produce?
waste
CO2, H2O
Heat
what must happen to all waste
it must be eliminated
or kept at low concentrations
where are kidneys located
retroperitoneal
-behind the sac of all of our digestive organs
Starts at T-12
Right side is lower than the other
what does protein breakdown leave
nitrogenous wastes
where is your left kidney in relation to your right
superior
enflamed kidney or active kidney infection is also known as
Murphy’s punch
two tubes coming off of the kidneys
ureters
tube going to the outside of the body
urethra
when does gluconeogenisis occur
during fasting or starvation
what should be found in urine
electrolytes
smallest functional unit of kidney
nephron
functions of the urinary system
- maintain our electrolyte balance
- filtering out toxins
- regulating blood ph
what two organs helps create vitamin D
liver
kidneys
what is the only organ that has the ability to secrete erythropoietin
kidneys
erythropoietin helos
maintain RBC
what organ performs gluconeogenisis when
kidneys
during fasting or starvation
by product of gluconeogenis
key tone bodies break down protein-converting it to sugar
kidneys
during fasting or starvation produce
gluconeogenisis
what helps create our urine
kidneys
where does ammonia come from and what does it do
urea
break down of proteins
what breaks down proteins in urea
ammonia
three processes happening in the nephron
1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion
helps synthesize calcitrol (vitamin d)
kidneys
deaminates certain amino acids to eliminate ammonia
kidneys
first part of kidney that recieves blood flow to filter
glomerulus
when the kidneys are reabsorbing where does it eventually go
back into the tissues
what is the nephron made up of
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
what is inside the renal corpuscle
glomerulus
where are nephrons located in the kidney
cortex
where is the urine carried in the kidney
through the nephrons to the collecting duct system in the medulla
where is urine collected in the kidney
papillae
what are the two types of nephrons that we have
corticol and juxtamedullary
two arterioles afferent and efferent are found where in the kidney
glomerulus
why is the glomerulus a pressurized area
the size of the afferent arteriole versus the efferent
afferent is larger
cap housing the glomerulus
renal corpuscle
site of plasma filtration
nephron
renal corpuscle has 2 components
glomerulus
glomerular capsule
as blood flows through the capillary tuft what happens
filtration occurs
large proteins and formed elements in the blood do not cross here
capillary tuft
where does fluid pass through after it leaves the glomerulus capsule
1) renal tubule of nephron
2) Proximal convoluted tubule
3) descending limb
4) loop of henle
5) distal convoluted tubule
6) collecting duct
at what point in the nephron is absoprtion completed
collecting duct
what are connected to collecting ducts
nephrons
what comes from the collecting ducts and goes where
secretion from the nephrons and goes to the calyx
two different nephrons are
juxtamedullary that extends all the way into the medulla or the corticol nephrons much smaller
why juxtamedullary nephron important
because it helps regulate blood pressure
where are podocytes found
on the outside of the tissue of the glomerulus
how does the glomerular filter
from inside to outside
what three components make up glomerular filtration
1) endothelium of glomerulus
3) filtration slits in podocytes
single layer of capillary endothelium with fenestration’s found on the glomerulus
endothelium of glomerulus
prevents RBC passage; WBC use diapedesis to get out in the glomerulus
endothelium of glomerulus
specialized epithelium of visceral layer found in glomerulus
podocytes
footlike extension with filtration sits between extensions
podocytes
what you dont want in your blood
glucose
protein
erythroucytes
where vessels enter on the kidney
hilus
capillaries of the kidneys are known as
vasa recta
capillaries found around the cortical nephrons
peritubular
long networks from the efferent arteriole around the loop of nephrons
vasa recta
