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Bio 2 > Chp 25 recording > Flashcards

Chp 25 recording Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

three phases of digestion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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2
Q

when the chyme moves out of the stomach into the duodenum we have three inhibiting enzymes responsible for turning off the cephalic and gastric phase. What phase starts and what are the inhibiting enzymes?

A

Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin

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3
Q

what do these enzymes do Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin

A

inhibit the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion causing you to not want to eat anymore

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4
Q

hormones that inhibit gastric secretion

A

enterogastrone secretion
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory Peptide
Secretin

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5
Q

Our parasympathetic nervous system activating the absorbtion and breaking down of nutrients

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

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6
Q

what hormone causes us to not want to eat once its released in the duodenum

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

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7
Q

enterogastrones

A

Cholecystokinin

Gastric inhibitory Peptide

Secretin

vasoactive intestinal peptide

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8
Q

is the pancreas more alkaline or acidic

A

alkaline

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9
Q

where is amylase found in the body

A

mouth and pancreas

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10
Q

what buffers acidic gastric juices stops pepsin activity and creates a proper alkaline

A

pancreas

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11
Q

why is a pancreas important

A

because it emulsifies and breaks down all of our fatty acid, and our amino acids

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12
Q

how does the liver work

A

collects blood with broken down nutrients from the digestives system and then goes back into the venous system… filters and recirculates blood

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13
Q

what brings deoxygenated blood to the liver

A

the hepatic portal vein, going through the sinusoids

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14
Q

where do the sinusoids from the liver lead to

A

the central vein, hepatic vein then drains into the inferior vena cava

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15
Q

what brings oxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

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16
Q

do the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the liver

A

yes

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17
Q

where does the blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery mix

A

in the sinusoids in the liver

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18
Q

where do the contents of your stomach and duodenum go into

A

the hepatic portal vein into the liver

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19
Q

what supplies the liver with RBC

A

hepatic artery

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20
Q

is the hepatic portal vein from the circulatory system

A

no, its from the digestive system

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21
Q

where do all the nutrients, toxins from the stomach/ intestines go? As well as all of our hormones from the pancreas? AND breakdown products of RBC from the spleen

A

Liver

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22
Q

what creates bile

A

liver

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23
Q

what stores bile

A

gallbladder

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24
Q

what is the best emulsifier of fats

A

bile

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25
Q

is bile basic or acidic

A

basic

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26
Q

by product of bile

A

billy rubin

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27
Q

what happens when you have an excess of billy rubin

A

jaundice

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28
Q

what us glycogenisis

A

insulin release

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29
Q

glycogenolysis

A

when we are breaking down the stored form of sugar, glucogon

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30
Q

if you aren’t consuming sugar what occurs in your body

A

gluconeogenesis

The creation of glucagon from our stored form of it fat and protein

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31
Q

what does the lipid metabolism do in the liver

A

stores, and synthesizes triglycerides and cholesterol

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32
Q

what happens when the liver metabolizes protein

A

it deaminates amino acids by removing amino groups (nitrogen) from the amino acids

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33
Q

what is anything with nitrogen considered

A

an amino group

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34
Q

where does ammonia come from

A

the metabolism of protiens in the liver

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35
Q

what does uria start as

A

a by product of the liver metabolizing protien into amonia

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36
Q

where is vitamin D activated

A

The Liver

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37
Q

inflammation of the liver is known as

A

hepatitis

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38
Q

Hardened liver is known as

A

cirrhosis

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39
Q

what are the last portions of the small intestine

A

jejunum and ileum

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40
Q

movement of food in the small intestine is called

A

segmentation

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41
Q

which organ in the alamentary canal do we have oblique muscular fibers

A

stomach

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42
Q

in the digestive tract what muscular fibers are found except for in the stomach

A

circular and longitudinal

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43
Q

segmentation is what

A

movement of food in the small intestine

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44
Q

segmentation is controlled by what nervous system

A

autonomic parasympathetic

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45
Q

where does absorption start

A

small intestine

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46
Q

where does 90% of absorption take place

A

small intestine

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47
Q

what does the small intestine absorb

A 
electrolytes 
Na+
K+
Fe
Ca2

Vitamins
ABCDE-K

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48
Q

only fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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49
Q

What is ADEK transported by

A

lipids

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50
Q

what are all our cells membranes made up of

A

phosolipids

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51
Q

what vitamins can be toxic to the liver

A

ADEK

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52
Q

how much water does your small intestine absorb every day

A

9.3 L
2 from ingestion
7 from secretions

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53
Q

how much water does the small intestine reabsorb

A

8.3 liters

54
Q

glycolysis is

A

break down of glucose as glycogen

55
Q

three major steps of converting everything we eat into energy

A

1) glycolysis
2) Kreb cycle (citric acid)
3) electron transport chain

56
Q

during glycolysis what does glucose turn into (end product) and what happens to the carbons

A

end product 2 pyruvate

6 carbons
to 3 carbons

57
Q

what does pyruvate turn into

A

the acids

58
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm of the cell

59
Q

what is the net from 6 carbon splitting into 3 carbon

A

2 ATP

60
Q

acetylCOA splits into what acids

A 
Can- Citric 
I- Isocitrate 
Keep- ketoglutarate
Selling- Succinyl COA
Shells- succinate
For- fumarate 
Money- malate  
Officer- oxaloacetate
61
Q

net ATP in kreb cycle

A

36

62
Q

forms of energy in the kreb cycle

A

NADH
FADH
ATP

63
Q

what act as proton pumps in the kreb cycle

A

Hydrogens on

NADH and FADH

64
Q

What is step three of kreb cycle

A

electron transport chain

65
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place

A

membrane of the mitochondria

66
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

in the cytoplasm

67
Q

glycolysis gives us how many atp

A

2

68
Q

where is the kreb cycle happening

A

cristae of the mitochondria

69
Q

totals of NADH and FADH at the end of the kreb cycle

A

6NADH

2FADH

70
Q

at the end of the Electron transport chain how many atps do we have

A

32

71
Q

total atp in all three steps

A

36

72
Q

1) ATP
2) ATP- NADH/FADH
3) ATP
total

A

1) 2 ATP
2) 2 ATP 6NADH/2FADH
3) 32 ATP
Total 36

73
Q

One glucose molecule can give you how much ATP after all the stages of cellular respiration

A

36ATP

74
Q

glycolysis gives how much atp

A

2

75
Q

three steps of cellular respiration

A

1) glycolysis
2) Krebs
3) Electron transport chain

76
Q

during metabolism cells produce?

A

waste
CO2, H2O
Heat

77
Q

what must happen to all waste

A

it must be eliminated

or kept at low concentrations

78
Q

where are kidneys located

A

retroperitoneal
-behind the sac of all of our digestive organs
Starts at T-12
Right side is lower than the other

79
Q

what does protein breakdown leave

A

nitrogenous wastes

80
Q

where is your left kidney in relation to your right

A

superior

81
Q

enflamed kidney or active kidney infection is also known as

A

Murphy’s punch

82
Q

two tubes coming off of the kidneys

A

ureters

83
Q

tube going to the outside of the body

A

urethra

84
Q

when does gluconeogenisis occur

A

during fasting or starvation

85
Q

what should be found in urine

A

electrolytes

86
Q

smallest functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

87
Q

functions of the urinary system

A
  • maintain our electrolyte balance
  • filtering out toxins
  • regulating blood ph
88
Q

what two organs helps create vitamin D

A

liver

kidneys

89
Q

what is the only organ that has the ability to secrete erythropoietin

A

kidneys

90
Q

erythropoietin helos

A

maintain RBC

91
Q

what organ performs gluconeogenisis when

A

kidneys

during fasting or starvation

92
Q

by product of gluconeogenis

A

key tone bodies break down protein-converting it to sugar

93
Q

kidneys

during fasting or starvation produce

A

gluconeogenisis

94
Q

what helps create our urine

A

kidneys

95
Q

where does ammonia come from and what does it do

A

urea

break down of proteins

96
Q

what breaks down proteins in urea

A

ammonia

97
Q

three processes happening in the nephron

A

1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion

98
Q

helps synthesize calcitrol (vitamin d)

A

kidneys

99
Q

deaminates certain amino acids to eliminate ammonia

A

kidneys

100
Q

first part of kidney that recieves blood flow to filter

A

glomerulus

101
Q

when the kidneys are reabsorbing where does it eventually go

A

back into the tissues

102
Q

what is the nephron made up of

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

103
Q

what is inside the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

104
Q

where are nephrons located in the kidney

A

cortex

105
Q

where is the urine carried in the kidney

A

through the nephrons to the collecting duct system in the medulla

106
Q

where is urine collected in the kidney

A

papillae

107
Q

what are the two types of nephrons that we have

A

corticol and juxtamedullary

108
Q

two arterioles afferent and efferent are found where in the kidney

A

glomerulus

109
Q

why is the glomerulus a pressurized area

A

the size of the afferent arteriole versus the efferent

afferent is larger

110
Q

cap housing the glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

111
Q

site of plasma filtration

A

nephron

112
Q

renal corpuscle has 2 components

A

glomerulus

glomerular capsule

113
Q

as blood flows through the capillary tuft what happens

A

filtration occurs

114
Q

large proteins and formed elements in the blood do not cross here

A

capillary tuft

115
Q

where does fluid pass through after it leaves the glomerulus capsule

A

1) renal tubule of nephron
2) Proximal convoluted tubule
3) descending limb
4) loop of henle
5) distal convoluted tubule
6) collecting duct

116
Q

at what point in the nephron is absoprtion completed

A

collecting duct

117
Q

what are connected to collecting ducts

A

nephrons

118
Q

what comes from the collecting ducts and goes where

A

secretion from the nephrons and goes to the calyx

119
Q

two different nephrons are

A

juxtamedullary that extends all the way into the medulla or the corticol nephrons much smaller

120
Q

why juxtamedullary nephron important

A

because it helps regulate blood pressure

121
Q

where are podocytes found

A

on the outside of the tissue of the glomerulus

122
Q

how does the glomerular filter

A

from inside to outside

123
Q

what three components make up glomerular filtration

A

1) endothelium of glomerulus

3) filtration slits in podocytes

124
Q

single layer of capillary endothelium with fenestration’s found on the glomerulus

A

endothelium of glomerulus

125
Q

prevents RBC passage; WBC use diapedesis to get out in the glomerulus

A

endothelium of glomerulus

126
Q

specialized epithelium of visceral layer found in glomerulus

A

podocytes

127
Q

footlike extension with filtration sits between extensions

A

podocytes

128
Q

what you dont want in your blood

A

glucose
protein
erythroucytes

129
Q

where vessels enter on the kidney

A

hilus

130
Q

capillaries of the kidneys are known as

A

vasa recta

131
Q

capillaries found around the cortical nephrons

A

peritubular

132
Q

long networks from the efferent arteriole around the loop of nephrons

A

vasa recta

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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